Plasma Membrane – Biochemistry Exam
The key terms of Biochemistry Exam include, Plasma Membrane, Cell, Function, Glucose, DNA, Lipids.
The _____________ ______________ separates the inside of the cell from the outside, one cell from another cell.
plasma membrane
the membrane must be rendered semipermeable but in a very selective way. This ______________ ______________is the work of proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane or associated with it
selective permeability
The plasma membrane of a plant is itself surrounded by a ______ _______
cell wall
The cell wall is constructed largely from ___________, a long, linear polymer of glucose molecules
cellulose
The inner substance of the cell, the material that is surrounded by the plasma membrane, is called the ___________.
cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the site of a host of biochemical processes, including the:
initial stage of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis.
the cytoskeleton is a network of three kinds of protein fibers—________ _____________, __________________ _____________, and ________________—that support the structure of the cell, help to localize certain biochemical activities, and even serve as “molecular highways” by which molecules can be shuttled around the cell
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
a key difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is the presence of a complex array of intracellular, membrane-bounded compartments called ____________ in eukaryotes
organelles
The largest organelle is the_____________, which is a double-membrane-bounded organelle
The ___________ is the information center of the cell, the location of an organism’s genome.
nucleus
The nuclear membrane is punctuated with ________ that allow transport into and out of the nucleus.
pores
catalysts
agents that enhance the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently affected themselves
proteins catalysts are called
enzymes
every process that takes place in living systems depends on:
enzymes
primary function of nucleic acids:
store and transfer information
what do nucleic acids contain?
the instructions for all cellular functions and interactions
nucleic acids are constructed from only four building blocks called:
nucleotides
a nucleotide is made up of:
five carbon sugar either deoxyribose or ribose, attatched to a heterocyclic ring stucture called a base,
and at least one phosphoryl group
there are two types of nucleic acids:
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
genetic information is stored in:
DNA, the “parts list” that determines the nature of the organism
DNA is constructed from __________ deoxyribonucleotides. differing from one another only in the __________ structure of the __________
4 ,ring, bases
the four bases of DNA are:
Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
the information content of DNA is the sequence of nucleotides linked together by ________________ linkages.
phosphodiester
In the double helix, bases interact with one another such that:
A with T and C with G
some regions of DNA are copied as a special class of RNA molecules called______________ ________
messenger RNA
mRNA is a template for the synthesis of __________
proteins
unlike DNA, mRNA is :
frequently broken down after use
RNA is similar to DNA in composition with two exceptions:
1. the base thymine (T) is replaced with uracil (U)
2. the sugar component of the ribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl (-OH) group
among the key biomolecules, ___________ are much smaller than proteins or nucleic acids
lipids
lipids are not polymers made of ____________ ___________, as are proteins and nucleic acids
repeating units
a key characteristic of many biochemically important lipids is their dual chemical nature: part of the molecule is _____________ and the other part of the molecule is ___________
hydophillic, hydrophobic
hydrophillic
it can dissolve in water
hydrophobic
cannot dissolve in water
the dual nature of lipids allows:
lipids to form barriers that delineate the cell from its environment and to establish intracellular componentsl allows an “inside” and “outside” at biochemical level
lipids are also an important ___________ form of energy
storage
the hydrophobic component of lipids can undergo _____________ to provide large amounts of cellular energy.
combustion
the most common carbohydrate fuel
glucose the simple sugar
glucose is stored in animals as:
glycogen
what does glycogen consist of:
many glucose molecules linked end to end and having occasional branches
in plants, the storage form of glucose is
starch,
central dogma
proposed by Francis Crick: information flows from DNA to RNA to protein
DNA constitutes the heritable information – the __________
genome
the information of the genome is packed in discrete units called
genes
the process of copying the genome is called
replication
DNA polymerase
a group of enzymes that catalyze the replication process
Translation takes place on large macromolecular complexes called ____________, consisting of RNA and protein
ribosomes
The _______ is the basic unit of life
cell
A ____________ is a lipid bilayer: two layers of lipids organized with their hydrophobic chains interacting with one another and the hydrophilic head groups interacting with the environment
membrane
There are two basic types of cells: ___________ cells and ____________ cells
eukaryotic, prokaryotic
The main difference between the two basic cell types is the existence of membrane-enclosed compartments in ______________ and the absence of such compartments in ________________.
eukaryotes, prokaryotes
—two biochemical features minimally constitute a cell: there must be :
(1) a barrier that separates the cell from its environment and
(2) an inside that is chemically differ- ent from the environment and that accommodates the biochemistry of living.
The _____________ ______________ separates the inside of the cell from the outside, one cell from another cell.
plasma membrane
the membrane must be rendered semipermeable but in a very selective way. This ______________ ______________is the work of proteins that are embedded in the plasma membrane or associated with it
selective permeability
The plasma membrane of a plant is itself surrounded by a ______ _______
cell wall
The cell wall is constructed largely from ___________, a long, linear polymer of glucose molecules
cellulose
The inner substance of the cell, the material that is surrounded by the plasma membrane, is called the ___________.
cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the site of a host of biochemical processes, including the:
initial stage of glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and protein synthesis.
the cytoskeleton is a network of three kinds of protein fibers—________ _____________, __________________ _____________, and ________________—that support the structure of the cell, help to localize certain biochemical activities, and even serve as “molecular highways” by which molecules can be shuttled around the cell
actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules
a key difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is the presence of a complex array of intracellular, membrane-bounded compartments called ____________ in eukaryotes
organelles
The largest organelle is the_____________, which is a double-membrane-bounded organelle
nucleus
The ___________ is the information center of the cell, the location of an organism’s genome.
nucleus
The nuclear membrane is punctuated with ________ that allow transport into and out of the nucleus.
pores