Fallacy Determinism & Validity – Philosophy
These Philosophy chapters discuss fallacy involved, determinism & validity.
Neuromedia is
Media stories about the future possibility of neuroscience
Miniaturized smart phones hooked directly into a person’s brain – Correct
Another name for social media
The materials that make up the brain
According to Lynch, we can draw three lessons from Plato’s Dialogue “The Meno” about knowledge. Mark all three below.
There is only one way to have knowledge.
Knowing something is different from just having an opinion about it – Correct
A good definition of knowledge is true opinion
Having accurate information still isn’t enough to know either – Correct
What grounds our opinions or beliefs matters for action – Correct
According to Lynch, which of the following ways of knowing is most important
The sort of knowing that is based on reasons and experience
The sort of knowing we gain by absorbing information from expert textbooks or good Internet resources – Correct
The sort of knowing that comes from the gut.
The sort of knowing we expect from our most creative experts, having a grasp of the big picture.
True or false?
Lynch argues that neuromedia leads to the same worries about knowledge as Descartes Evil Demon thought experiment.
True – Correct
False
Lynch believes that our digital form of life is good at giving us more understanding.
True
False – Correct
Empirical evidence is used in which form of reasoning?
A priori reasoning
Naturalistic reasoning
A posteriori reasoning – Correct
Scientific reasoning
Descartes focused on using which of the following methods?
A posteriori
A priori – Correct
Naturalistic
Scientific
Indirect realism claims that
we do not see objects themselves, but the ideal forms of the objects.
we see objects themselves, though indirectly through the senses – Correct
we do not see objects themselves, but the mental images they produce.
we see objects themselves, though indirectly through the imaginative faculty.
How do Lockean primary qualities differ from secondary qualities?
Ideas of secondary qualities resemble the qualities themselves, whereas ideas of primary qualities do not resemble the qualities themselves.
Ideas of primary qualities resemble the qualities themselves, whereas ideas of secondary qualities do not resemble the qualities themselves – Correct
Primary qualities are derived from secondary qualities.
Secondary qualities are derived from primary qualities.
Naïve representationalism claims that
all theories that assume a similarity between material objects and the ideas that represent them are naïve.
setting aside occasional cases of illusion, the ideas generated in perception closely resemble the material objects they represent – Correct
the ideas generated in perception perfectly resemble the material objects they represent.
setting aside occasional cases of illusion, the ideas generated in perception perfectly resemble the material objects they represent.
To say that a calculator is “deterministic” means that
given the same input, the calculator will perform the same calculations, in the same order, and then produce the same output, except insofar as chance interferes.
given any input at all input, the calculator will perform the same calculations, in the same order, and then produce the same output, except insofar as chance interferes.
given the same input, the calculator will perform the same calculations, in the same order, and then produce the same output, leaving nothing to chance – Correct
given any input at all input, the calculator will perform the same calculations, in the same order, and then produce the same output, leaving nothing to chance.
According to determinists, the laws of physics are deterministic and govern
everything except the actions of living creatures.
everything – Correct
everything except the actions of human beings.
everything beyond the subatomic level.
__________ imagined a supernatural “demon,” with unlimited memory, an unlimited ability to calculate, and a complete knowledge of the laws of physics, who, given a complete description of the world at some particular time, could figure out the whole subsequent course of history—including all human actions.
Descartes
Plato
Pierre-Simon Laplace – Correct
Newton
__________ defended hard determinism by stating: “Man is a purely physical being. . . . [He is] subject to . . . immutable laws. . . . Man’s life is a line that Nature commands him to describe upon the surface of the earth: without his ever being able to swerve from it even for an instant. He is born without his own consent [and] he is unceasingly modified by causes, whether visible or concealed, over which he has no control. . . . Nevertheless, despite of the shackles by which he is bound, it is pretended he is a free agent, or that independent of the causes by which he is moved, he determines his own will; regulates his own condition.”
Baron d’Holbach – Correct
Immanuel Kant
David Hume
William James
The belief in free will is rejected by
quantum theorists.
soft determinists.
hard determinists – Correct
libertarians.
Philosophers who suggested that we have free will even though determinism is true are known as
libertarians.
soft determinists – Correct
quantum theorists.
hard determinists.
__________ defended soft determinism by stating: “By ‘liberty,’ then, we can only mean a power of acting or not acting according to the determinations of the will; i.e. if we choose to stay still we may do so, and if we choose to move we may do that.”
Baron d’Holbach
David Hume – Correct
William James
Immanuel Kant
Which condition(s) notobtaining led Hume to believe that the movements of an epileptic person having a seizure aren’t free?
There are no obstacles in the person’s way, which prevent him from acting as he chooses.
The person is acting in pursuit of what he desires, and his actions are a result of his own decisions. – Correct
None of these conditions
The person is acting in pursuit of what he desires, and his actions are a result of his own decisions AND There are no obstacles in the person’s way, which prevent him from acting as he chooses.
Philosophers who think that determinism is false and that (in part for this reason) we are capable of free action are known as
libertarians – Correct
soft determinists.
quantum theorists.
hard determinists.
__________ claimed that we each have a nonphysical, “transcendental” self, that is outside space and time, is ungoverned by the laws of physics, and makes free decisions for which we are morally responsible.
Immanuel Kant – Correct
William James
Baron d’Holbach
David Hume
Determine validity.
If it is a bathroom, then there is a toilet in it. There is a toilet in it. Therefore, it is a bathroom.
Valid
Not Valid – Correct
Determine validity.
Angelo is a cheap restaurant. We should eat at a cheap restaurant. So we should eat at Angelo.
Valid
Not valid – Correct
Determine Validity.
If Sarah was born in Massachusetts, then she is a native of New England. Sarah is not a native of New England. Therefore, Sarah was not born in Massachusetts.
Valid – Correct
Not valid
Determine Validity..
If Sunarish lives in Bali, then Sunarish lives in Indonesia. Sunarish lives in Indonesia. So, Sunarish lives in Bali.
Not Valid – Correct
Valid
Determine Validity.
If Maria turns in her assignment on time, she will get credit for it. Maria did not turn her assignment in on time. So, Maria will not get credit for it.
Valid
Not Valid – Correct
Identify any fallacy in each of these passages. If no fallacy is committed, select “no fallacy involved”.
There are two types of people in the world. Either they are your friends or they are your enemies.
equivocation
false dilemma – Correct
composition
no fallacy involved
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
appeal to pity
Identify any fallacy in each of these passages. If no fallacy is committed, select “no fallacy involved”.
The Loch Ness monster obviously exists. Scientists have not been able to show that it does not exist.
appeal to ignorance – Correct
red herring
no fallacy involved
straw man
division
appeal to popularity
Identify any fallacy in each of these passages. If no fallacy is committed, select “no fallacy involved”.
This orchestra has to be good because all its musicians are good.
no fallacy involved
equivocation
ad hominem
genetic fallacy
composition – Correct
division
Identify any fallacy in each of these passages. If no fallacy is committed, select “no fallacy involved”.
I received the Amulet at 2:00 p.m. on Friday. I went to Bingo at 6:00 p.m. and won $50.00. The next day I won $300.00! I’m very happy because I was about to give up Bingo, but now I have the Amulet.
straw man
post hoc, ergo propter hoc – Correct
no fallacy involved
red herring
suppressed evidence
genetic fallacy
Identify any fallacy in each of these passages. If no fallacy is committed, select “no fallacy involved”.
Professor Jones’ lecture on the Constitution is a bunch of nonsense. Did you know she associates with political extremists?
appeal to authority
appeal to popularity
ad hominem – Correct
post hoc, ergo propter hoc
straw man
no fallacy involved