Cartilage Muscle & Connective Tissue – Histology
This chapter is about cartilage muscle and connective tissue of histology.
Cardiac muscle
Branching striated, generally uninucleated cells that interdigitate at specialized junctions called intercalated discs.
Spindle shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets.
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Neuron
Simple squamous epithelium
Description: single layer or flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm.Simple of the epithelia.
Functions: allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not imp.
Location: kidney, air sacs lungs, lining of heart
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Description: single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface
simple columnar epithelium
Description: single layer of talls cells with round oval nuclei
Function: Absorption; secretion of mucus enzymes and other substances
Location: Digestive tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Description: single layer of cells of differing heights, some not reaching the free surface.
Function: secrete substances, particularly mucus
Location: upper respiratory tracts, lines th trachea, sperm-carrying ducts.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Description: thick membrane composed of several cell layers
Function: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
Location: esophagus, mouth and vagina.
Transitional epithelium
Description: basal cells cuboidal and columnar
Function: stretches readily,permits stored urine to distend urinary organ
Location: lines the ureters, bladder and part of the urethra
Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
Description: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; fibroblast, macrophages,mast cells and some white cells.
Function: wraps and cushions organs
Location: under epithelia of body.
Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
Description: matrix as in areolar, but very sparse
Function: provides reserve food fuel
Location: under skin, around kidneys and eyeball, abdomen and breast
reticular
Description: loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like ground substance
Function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cells types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages.
dense regular
Description: few elastic fibers
Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles
Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
dense irregular
description: some elastic fibers
Function: withstands tension exerted in many directions
Location; organs and joints, dermis of skin, submucosa of digestive tract.
elastic
description: containing high portion of elastic fibers
Functions: allows tissue to recoil after stretching maintaining pulsatile flow of blood through arteries
Location: walls of large arteries.
Cartilage: hyaline
Function: supports and reinforces
Location: embryonic skeleton, costal cartilages of the ribs, trachea and larynx.
Cartilage: elastic
Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
Location: support external ear
Cartilage: fibrocartiage
Function: tensile strength allows it to absorb compressive shock
Location: intervertebral discs, knee joint
other: bone (osseous tissue)
Function: supports and protects
Locations: bones
Connective tissue: Blood
function; transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances.
Location: contained within blood vessels
skeletal muscle
Function: voluntary movement
Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of flattened cells.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Single layer of cubelike cells.
Simple columnar epithelium
Single layer of tall cells With tall oval nuclei.
Pseudo Stratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells of differing heights, nuclei at different levels.
Stratified squamous epithelium
Thick membrane composed of several layers. Basal layers are cuboidal or columnar with flattened surface layers.
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Generally two layers of cube like cells.
Stratified columnar epithelium
Several cell layers. Basal cells usually cuboidal with superficial columnar cells.
Transitional epithelium
Resembles both stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal. Different shapes based on organ stretch.
Embryonic connective tissue: Mesenchyme
Gel like ground substance containing connective fiber and star like mesenchymal cells.
Connective Tissue proper: Loose connective tissue, areolar
Gel like matrix with all 3 fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some leukocytes.
Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose.
Gel like matrix but scarce. Tightly packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplets.
Connective tissue proper:
loose connective tissue reticular.Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network.
Connective tissue proper: dense regular connective tissue.
Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblasts.
Connective tissue proper: elastic connective tissue.Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers.
Connective tissue proper: dense irregular connective tissue.
Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblasts.
Cartilage: Hyaline
Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature, lie in lacunae.
Cartilage: elastic
Similar to hyaline, but more elastic fibers in matrix.
Cartilage: fibrocartilage
Matrix similar to but less firm than matrix in hyaline cartilage, thick collagen fibers predominate.
Bones (osseous tissue)
Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized.
Blood
Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix.
Nervous tissue
Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are non-excitable supporting cells.
cardiac muscle
Function: as it contracts it propels blood into the circulation.
Location: the walls of the heart.
Smooth muscle
Function: propels substances or objects along internal passageways. (foodstuffs, urine, baby)
Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs
Nervous tissue
Function: Neurons transmit electrical signals form sensory receptors and to effectors
Location: brain, spinal cord and nerves
