Founder Of Islam – Religious Studies
This chapter covers Founder Of Islam – Religious Studies.
Bedouins
nomadic Arab peoples who lived in bands in the Arabian Peninsula’s desert
Muhammad
Founder of Islam, considered the greatest prophet in Islam
Hegira
Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Medina
Islam
religion founded by Muhammad; literally “to surrender”
Qur’an
sacred text of Islam, considered Allah’s direct revelation
Muslims
followers of Islam
Five Pillars of Islam
obligations required of all Muslims – Declaration of faith, prayer, alms, fasting, and pilgrimage
Hajj
Pilgrimage to Mecca
Mosque
name for the building where Muslims worship
Jihad
word that can be translated as “struggle for the faith” or can also mean the struggle to defend Islam.
Abu Bakr
successor to Muhammad as leader of Islam
Caliphate
Islamic empire ruled by those believed to be the successors to the Prophet Muhammad.
Caliph
title given to leaders of Islam after Muhammad, means “successors”
Astrolabe
instrument for finding the positions and movements of stars and planets
Sunni
a Muslim group that accepts the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam, largest branch of Islam.
Shia
the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad
Minarets
tall towers found on mosques from which the faithful were called to prayer
Calligraphy
beautifully styled writing that is a distinctive feature of Islamic art
Christendom
Christian society that included most of western Europe
Medieval
times of the Middle Ages, marked by doubt, suffering, and hardship for many
Monasticism
voluntary separation from society to dedicate one’s life to God
Papal States
a region in central Italy ruled by the Pope
Knights
highly skilled soldiers who fought on horseback
Fief
land given to a knight in exchange for his services
Vassal
a person who accepts a fief from a lord
Feudal System
the political and social system of exchanging land for service
Manorial system
an economic system built around large estates called manors
Magna Carta
document that restricted the king of England’s power, considered to be the first step toward democracy in England
Parliament
governing body that was the result of the king’s council in the 1260s and which still makes England’s laws today
Reconqusita
Christian leaders’ effort to retake the Iberian peninsula from the Moors
Crusades
a series of religious wars launched by European Christians in the Middle Ages
Hanseatic League
a group of cities and towns in northern Germany that worked together to promote and protect trade
the promise of later payment for goods bought
Guilds
trade organizations in which all members set standards and prices for their products
Apprentice
someone who spent several years with a skilled crafter to learn basic skills of the craft
Journeyman
a person who has learned the basics of a career as an apprentice but is still learning from masters
Black Death
a devastating plague that swept across Europe between 1347 and 1351
Serfs
people who were legally tied to the manor on which they worked