Chemical Energy – Biochemistry Quiz
The key terms of Biochemistry Quiz include, Chemical, Energy, Compounds.
What is the difference between chemical synthetic compounds and biosynthetic compounds
chemical synthetic compounds produce a racemic mixture but a biosynthetic compound is normally single handed
why dont cells make L and D amino acids
Macromolecules have unique binding pockets so only certain molecules fit in well and can bind. If the wrong configuration is present, they will not be able to bind. This is called stereospecificity
When an organism is dead, what is its state in accordance to the surroundings
It is equilibrium, no net energy change
How do organisms maintain homeostasis?
By keeping the concentrations of most metabolites at steady state
In steady state, the rate of synthesis of a metabolite […] the rate of breakdown of this metabolite
equals
Which is the measure of number and kinds of bonds or interaction that are made and broken
Enthalpy (H)
Chemoheterotrophs
An organism that must consume organic molecules for both energy and carbon.
Photoheterotrophs
An organism that uses light to generate ATP but that must obtain carbon in organic form.
Three types of cytoplasmic filaments
actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane
how are the monomeric subunits of proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides joined
by covalent bonds
How are macromolecules held together
by noncovalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds, ionic interactions, van der waal interactions, and hydrophobic effects
Most abundant elements in living organisms
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
amine group
the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid
carbonyl group
a chemical group consisting of a carbon atom linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom
Steroisomers
molecules with the same chemical bonds and same chemical formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms
configuration
fixed spatial arrangement of atoms
How is configuration conferred?
1. double bonds around which there is little or no freedom of rotation
2. chiral centers, around which substituent groups are arranged in a specific orientation
geometric isomers
differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to the nonrotating double bond
cis-trans isomers
conformation
spatial arrangement of substituent groups that, without breaking any bonds, are free to assume different positions in space because of the freedom of rotation about single bonds
dynamic steady state
when the gains and losses of ecological systems are in balance
isolated system
if the system exchanges neither matter nor energy
closed system
if the system exchanges energy but not matter with its surroundings
open system
if the system exchanges both energy and matter
first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Amount of energy is constant, although the form of the energy may change
The free energy of formation of proteins is positive. To carry out these thermodynamically unfavorable, energy-requiring reactions, what does the cell do?
couple them to other reactions that liberate free energy
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
compound used by cells to store and release energy
Keq > 1
G is large and negative
products are favored
Keq<1
G is large and positive
Why is the breakdown of ATP in cells an exergonic process
all living cells maintain a concentration of ATP far above its equilibrium concentration
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism (both catabolic and anabolic)
which came first: DNA, RNA, or protein. Why?
RNA. It can act as catalysts in their own formation meaning RNA may have been the first gene and the first catalyst
Life is characterized by: (5)
1. high degree of complexity
2. Extraction, transformation, and systematic use of energy to create and maintain structures and to do work
3. structure, function and interactions
4. Responsively interact with the surroundings
5. Replication and evolution
Is a living organism considered stable or dynamic
Dynamic
who showed up first in evolution?
Bacteria
where do prokaryotes contain their DNA
in the nucleoid
what is the cell wall of prokaryotes composed of
peptidoglycan
what is the function of the cytoskeleton (3)
-cell shape
-transport paths
-movement
Protein: monomeric, oligomeric, macromolecule, and total collection
amino acid->peptide->protein->proteome
DNA: monomeric, oligomeric, macromolecule, and total collection
Nucleic acid-> polymer or nucelotide-> DNA or RNA-> genome
Sugar: monomeric, oligomeric, macromolecule, and total collection
monosaccharide->oligo-/poly-saccharide-> Glycan-> Glycome
Lipids: monomeric, oligomeric, macromolecule, and total collection
Fatty acid-> lipid->membrane-> lipidome
conformation vs confirguation
Conformation does not require bond breaking between changes
Configuration needs to break a bond between changes
When two acids condense together and lose water (anhydride) are they stable? why or why not?
No, the negative charges will repel
What are the two possible geometric isomers?
cis and trans
The lower the potential energy the [more/less] stable the molecule
more
Which has the higher probability of forming, a conformation with high potential energy or with low potential energy?
low potential energy
Do isomers have the same chemical composition?
yes
Enantiomers have [different/identical] physical properties
identical
what is the only physical property that is not identical in enantiomers?
how they rotate in polarized light
Diasteromers have [different/identical] physical and chemical properties
different
What is the difference between chemical synthetic compounds and biosynthetic compounds
chemical synthetic compounds produce a racemic mixture but a biosynthetic compound is normally single handed
why dont cells make L and D amino acids
Macromolecules have unique binding pockets so only certain molecules fit in well and can bind. If the wrong configuration is present, they will not be able to bind. This is called stereospecificity
When an organism is dead, what is its state in accordance to the surroundings
It is equilibrium, no net energy change
How do organisms maintain homeostasis?
By keeping the concentrations of most metabolites at steady state
In steady state, the rate of synthesis of a metabolite […] the rate of breakdown of this metabolite
equals
Which is the measure of number and kinds of bonds or interaction that are made and broken
Enthalpy (H)