Genes Physical and Social Development Theory – (Ch 1,2,3) Exam 1
This exam is composed of questions based on physical and social development, Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory, Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, cognitive learning theory, and genes study from chapters 1, 2, 3.
As presented in the podcast, another term for gene-environment interaction is ___________.
multifactorial interaction – Correct
epitypical diversity
polygenic interaction
phenotypic diversity
______ development can be described as slow and gradual change, whereas ______ development can be described as sudden change.
Continuous; discontinuous – Correct
Discontinuous; continuous
Multidimensional; multidirectional
Multidirectional; multidimensional
A theory focused on how likely we are to repeat or stop behaviors after we receive consequences is ______.
cognitive-developmental theory
classical conditioning
operant conditioning – Correct
social learning theory
Who is considered to be the originator of the first lifespan theory of development?
Freud
Erikson – Correct
Bronfenbrenner
Vygotsky
Jane is conducting a study where infants will be observed as they interact with caregivers in a carefully designed playroom. Jane is using which research method?
questionnaire
naturalistic observation
structured observation – Correct
clinical interview
In Bronfenbrenner’s Bioecological Systems Theory, the interactions and connections between microsystems are referred to as the _____________.
macrosystem
exosystem
chronosystem
mesosystem – Correct
To say that an influence on development is “non-normative” means that it ______
is unique to the person – Correct
is expected to occur over several decades
happens to most people at a particular time in life
is caused by cohorts
Which theory is the best match for this statement? “To understand the mind, consider how it operates in many ways similar to a computer.”
information processing theory – Correct
sociocultural theory
bioecological theory
psychoanalytic theory
The transmission of culture from one generation to the next through social interaction is the focus of which theory?
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological theory
Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory – Correct
As discussed in the podcast, one of the main reasons why birth is a challenging physical experience for humans is because, compared to other species, ________.
most human fetuses are in breech position
most human fetuses are more physically active during the birth process
we have over-medicalized the birthing process
we have large fetal brains and narrow maternal hips – Correct
Baby Riju is a very happy baby. Everyone smiles when they see Baby Riju and most people talk baby talk to Baby Riju. What form of gene–environment correlation does this example illustrate?
active
evocative – Correct
passive
reactive
The process called ______ refers to the creation of gametes.
fertilization
mitosis
meiosis – Correct
heritability
A woman has released two ova, and each ovum was fertilized by a different sperm. What has been created?
monozygotic twins
twins with X-linked disorders
twins with chromosomal abnormalities
dizygotic twins – Correct
In the human genome, the 23rd pair of chromosomes determines _______.
physical strength
biological sex – Correct
intelligence
personality
Three-year-old Juan’s parents were star athletes in high school and college. They are both coaches and manage a gym during the summer months. Juan has been exposed to sports since he was a baby. In addition to throwing and kicking balls with his parents, Juan recently started soccer and T-ball. He has also been enrolled in swimming lessons since he was 9 months old. Juan is already demonstrating strong athletic skills, despite being very young. This example demonstrates what type of gene–environment correlation?
active
passive – Correct
positive
evocative
Fragile X syndrome ______.
occurs in about 1 in every 3,000 U.S. births
occurs in about 1 in every 6,000 U.S. births
only affects females
affects both males and females – Correct
Erlinda’s baby has been delivered, and now Erlinda is expelling the placenta. What stage of labor is she in?
third – Correct
second
first
fourth
Once a sperm penetrates an ovum, the _________.
sperm dies
ovum collapses
embryo is formed
sperm’s tail falls off – Correct
Violet, pregnant for the first time, is curious about how the developing organism receives nutrients and oxygen and rids itself of waste. Her obstetrician tells her that this exchange will occur through the ______.
mesoderm
placenta – Correct
umbilicus
amnion
Newborn Andrea received an Apgar score of 3, which means that she ______.
has a pulse over 100 and has active and strong reflexes
is in serious condition and needs immediate medical attention – Correct
is in good health
may need medical assistance
Consuela’s research suggests that including a _________ in her birthing plan may result in reduced neonatal mortality, reduced preterm birth, fewer interventions, and more efficient use of medical resources.
spiritual advisor
midwife – Correct
obstetrician
nutritionist
At one month of age, Nicolaus struggles to regulate his arousal states, shows poor movement skills, poor reflexes, and greater excitability than most infants his age. Nicolaus was likely exposed to which substance during his mother’s pregnancy?
cocaine – Correct
aspirin
caffeine
marijuana
As discussed in the podcast, some developments most readily occur during a period of time. Negative influences during this period of time could cause harm, but there is still the chance for future plasticity and positive change in the development. This period of time is referred to as ___________.
a sensitive period – Correct
discontinuity
a cricial period
plasticity
An important strength of naturalistic observation is that it allows researchers to ______.
exercise control over the environment
implement their own coding system
observe behaviors in real-world settings – Correct
draw conclusions about behavior without analyzing data
The dual responsibilities to do good and not do harm when conducting research are beneficence and ______.
justice
nonmaleficence – Correct
integrity
responsibility
Tara is a four-year-old girl who is very polite. Ever since she was able to talk, her mother expected her to say please and thank you. When Tara would behave politely, her mother would praise her. Tara’s behavior was shaped through ______.
operant conditioning – Correct
classical conditioning
modeling
nature
Bailey is a graduate student in clinical psychology. As part of her training, Bailey works with children and families affected by autism. Each week, Bailey participates in a team meeting that consists of a school psychologist, social worker, speech and language therapist, and nursing students. This example illustrates what type of approach to understanding how people grow, think, and interact with their world?
multidirectional
cultural
multidisciplinary – Correct
contextual
Which factor is manipulated systematically in experimental research?
experimental group
dependent variable
independent variable – Correct
control group
Catherine’s baby is crowning. What stage of labor is she in?
first
fourth
third
second – Correct
Low birth weight infants can be described as ______.
having Apgar scores of 7 or higher
having hospital stays of 6 months or longer
experiencing difficulty breathing and being likely to suffer from respiratory distress syndrome – Correct
being generally healthy overcoming developmental obstacles within the first year of life
Research on the effects of caffeine use during pregnancy indicate that ______.
moderate doses of caffeine cause low birth weight and prematurity
caffeine supports cardiovascular development
even one cup of caffeinated coffee can cause permanent damage
caffeine appears to be safe in a low amount – Correct
Approximately how long can sperm live if they complete their journey up the fallopian tube?
6 hours
2 days
6 days – Correct
10 hours
Which baby is at greatest risk for serious health problems?
Vinnie, who was born small for date – Correct
Flynn, who was born at 35 weeks gestation
Morgan, who was born preterm
Troy, who weighed 5.5 pounds at birth
Which statement describes children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics and deficits in intellectual development – Correct
have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics but generally have average to above-average intelligence
score slightly lower on cognitive assessments than their unexposed age-mates
generally recover with intense home-based early intervention
Which condition is dominant-recessive but non-sex chromosome linked?
Jacob’s syndrome
Turner syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Huntington’s disease
The most widespread and routine method of prenatal diagnosis is ______.
noninvasive prenatal testing
chorionic villus sampling
ultrasound – Correct
amniocentesis
Which procedure can repair defects of the heart, lung, urinary tract and other areas?
chorionic villus sampling
noninvasive prenatal testing
fetoscopy – Correct
ultrasound
Which test is the least intrusive for detecting chromosomal abnormalities?
amniocentesis
noninvasive prenatal testing – Correct
ultrasound
chorionic villus sampling
Prenatal screening likely to be recommended when ______.
genetic counseling has determined a risk for abnormalities – Correct
history of twins is determined to run in the family
the mother has gained more than the recommended weight in the first trimester
the mother is under age 20 or over age 30
The term for a fertilized egg is ______.
zygote – Correct
allele
gamete
chromosome
When there is an observer present, this can lead people to act in ways that are atypical or unnatural for them. In scientific research, this is known as ______.
reciprocal determinism
participant reactivity – Correct
the cohort effect
observation bias
Let’s say someone stated the following: “We are influenced by the environment, but we do not influence the environment ourselves.” Their statement represents which of the following notions of development?
passive – Correct
nature
active
nurture
To say that an influence on development is “non-normative” means that it ______
is caused by cohorts
is expected to occur over several decades
is unique to the person – Correct
happens to most people at a particular time in life
When behavior is reinforced, it is more likely to recur. When behavior is punished, it is less likely to recur. This pattern of behavior following consequences is the focus of ______________.
psychoanalytic theory
ecological systems theory
classical conditioning
operant conditioning – Correct
If we are approaching a study by measuring variables, and then calculating the strength of the relationship between two variables, we are using a _____________ approach to research.
correlational – Correct
sequential
experimental
longitudinal
A theory focused on how likely we are to repeat or stop behaviors after we receive consequences is ______.
classical conditioning
cognitive-developmental theory
operant conditioning – Correct
social learning theory
Jane is conducting a study where infants will be observed as they interact with caregivers in a carefully designed playroom. Jane is using which research method?
structured observation – Correct
naturalistic observation
clinical interview
questionnaire
Some research is based on surveys, which usually include a set of multiple choice questions and are designed to collect data from large samples of people. This research is based on which method?
open-ended interviews
rating scales
questionnaires – Correct
structured interviews
As discussed in the podcast, one of the main reasons why birth is a challenging physical experience for humans is because, compared to other species, ________.
most human fetuses are in breech position
we have large fetal brains and narrow maternal hips – Correct
we have over-medicalized the birthing process
most human fetuses are more physically active during the birth process
The process called ______ refers to the creation of gametes.
mitosis
fertilization
meiosis- Correct
heritability
Which of the following is the best description of incomplete dominance?
Many genes are recessive and unexpressed.
Both paired genes influence the characteristic. – Correct
Many genes interact to influence a trait.
Some genes are always expressed.
Identical twins share what percentage of their genes?
50%
75%
100% – Correct
25%
A woman has released two ova, and each ovum was fertilized by a different sperm. What has been created?
dizygotic twins – Correct
monozygotic twins
twins with X-linked disorders
twins with chromosomal abnormalities
Sometimes a given gene is always expressed, no matter what other genes it is paired with. Other times, a gene is expressed only if it is paired with another similar gene. This describes _______.
dominant-recessive inheritance -Correct
polygenic inheritance
genomic imprinting
incomplete dominance
Sara and Jose’s first child, Lula, is preterm. Which method is Lula’s physician likely to recommend to help with her development?
electrolyte supplements
physical therapy
kangaroo care – Correct
anti-seizure medication
Keisha has worked as a neonatal nurse for over 20 years. She is often asked questions about the age of viability. Her response is that the period begins at about how many weeks after conception?
12
22 – Correct
27
18
As discussed in the podcast, some developments most readily occur during a period of time. Negative influences during this period of time could cause harm, but there is still the chance for future plasticity and positive change in the development. This period of time is referred to as ___________.
a cricial period
plasticity
discontinuity
a sensitive period – Correct
Which question is most important regarding development according to evolutionary development?
How do genes and context interact to influence behavior? – Correct
Which influences behavior more, genes or context?
How does behavior make changes in genes over time?
How do changes in genes over time change behavior?
Dr. Yang studies cross-cultural differences in body maturation and growth, including differences in body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. What type of development is Dr. Yang is interested in?
interdisciplinary
physical – Correct
psychosocial
cognitive
According to evolutionary developmental theory, genetic programs and biological predispositions influence development by interacting with which environments?
physical and emotional
contextual and social
physical and social – Correct
educational and emotional
Critics have argued that Vygotsky’s theory places too little emphasis on ______.
cultural factors
early socialization
biological factors – Correct
contextual influences
A criticism of cross-cultural research is that it emphasizes ______.
how culture itself can influence growth and change – Correct
comparing differences across various cultures
how culture changes throughout lifespan how species interact
When serious defects occur during the embryonic period, they often result in ______.
spontaneous abortion – Correct
effects on the developing sex organs
life-threatening illness in the mother
the need for fetal surgery
Which statement describes children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics but generally have average to above-average intelligence
score slightly lower on cognitive assessments than their unexposed age-mates
generally recover with intense home-based early intervention
have a distinct pattern of facial characteristics and deficits in intellectual development- Correct
Which woman is most vulnerable to pregnancy-related illnesses, such as hypertension and diabetes, as well as an increased risk for miscarriage or stillbirth?
Mai, who is 19
Jaycee, who is 30
London, who is 41 – Correct
Gia, who is 35
Harris was has a degenerative brain disorder that affects his coordination and cognition. Which condition was he born with?
sickle cell anemia
Huntington’s disease – Correct
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
cystic fibrosis
Genes are composed of a complex molecule shaped like a twisted ladder or staircase called ______.
deoxyribonucleic acid – Correct
zygotes
nuclei
chorionic villi
The set of instructions to create a living organism is the ______.
nucleus
gamete
zygote
genome – Correct