Steam Engine, Spinning Mule, The French Revolution, Social, Power, History
The key terms in these History chapters include Steam Engine, Spinning Mule, The French Revolution, Social, Power, Industrial, Trade, Iron, Napoleon, Society, History.
Spinning mule
-1779
-A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn
Watt steam engine
-1785
-Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power
Power loom
-1785
-Led to faster production of cloth
Cotton gin
-1792
-Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber
Coke smelting
-1760
-Improved production of iron
Grooved rollers
-1783
-Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes
Steam locomotive
-1804
-Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks
-The steam engine was used to develop it
Steamboat
-1807
-Built by American inventor Robert Fulton
-The steam engine was used to build it
The topography of Africa
-Mainly composed of three regions: desert, savanna, and tropical rainforest
-The Sahara desert dominates the continent (covers most of northern Africa)
-Trade and commerce were connected to the geographical potential of the area
-Large populations flourished in the savanna and were primarily agrarian
The French Revolution
-Began as an attempt by the leaders of the industrial and commercial classes to end the injustices of the French monarchy
-Rallying cry of the French Revolution, “Liberty, Equality and Fraternity,” led to a Reign of Terror against the aristocracy
-The fall of the Bastille on July 14 marks France’s 4th of July
-Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power at a time of renewed social unrest in France
Background to the French Revolution
-An inequitable class structure was the basic cause of the revolution
-A disorganized legal system and no representative assembly added to the problems of the government
-Enlightenment philosophy influenced the middle class
-The bankruptcy of the French treasury was the immediate cause of the revolution
-The “Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen” (influenced by Locke’s ideas) defined enlightenment concepts of national law and the sovereignty of the people
Napoleon and the First Empire
-Military and political leader during the later stages of the French Revolution
-Emperor of the French from 1804-1815
-His legal reform, the Napoleonic Code, has been a major influence on many civil law jurisdictions worldwide
-Best remembered for the wars he led against a series of coalitions, the Napoleonic Wars, during which he established hegemony over much of Europe and sought to spread revolutionary ideals
Napoleon and the First Empire: domestic reforms
-Domestic reforms resulted in a more efficient government.
-The Napoleonic Code:
—No privileges/tax exemptions based on lineage
—Government promotion was based on ability
—Modernized French law (equality before the law)
Napoleon and the First Empire: international relations
International relations placed France against Europe.
-Napoleon won territory from the Holy Roman Empire and forced Spain to cede the Louisiana territory to France
-The “continental system” was a failed French attempt to close the continent to British trade in hopes of destroying the British economy
-The Battle of Waterloo (1815) ended in defeat for Napoleon and ended the French Empire; Napoleon was permanently exiled to St. Helena
Causes of the Industrial Revolution
-The scientific revolution brought about new mechanical inventions
-The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base
-Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization:
—The cotton textile industry was well established
—Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery
—England had abundant reserves of coal and iron
—The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities
—Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money to purchase equipment for the emergent factories
Results of the Industrial Revolution
-A dramatic increase in productivity and the rise of the factory system
-Demographic changes (from rural to urban centers)
-The division of society into defined classes (propertied and nonpropertied)
-The development of modern capitalism
Capitalism
-Profits linked to the manufacturing of products
-Private ownership of land
-Freedom of choice
-A competitive free-market system
-Limited government restraints
Social Darwinism
-Expanded Darwin’s theory of evolution to include society as a whole
-Darwin, in “On the Origin of Species” (1859), theorized that evolution is a continuous process in which successful species adapt to their environment in order to survive
-The social Darwinists viewed society as a “struggle for existence”; only the “fittest” members of society would survive
-The accumulation of wealth was considered a visible sign of a successful adaptation, and virtue and wealth became synonymous
-For social Darwinism to succeed, it was thought that a free and open economic system was needed
-Capitalism was regarded as the “natural environment” in which “survival of the fittest” could be tested
-The social Darwinists also believed that some races were superior to others, that poverty indicated unfitness, and that a class-structured society was desirable
The intellectual response to the Industrial Revolution
-The classical economists advanced the theory of laissez faire
-Thomas Malthus (1776-1834) theorized that population growth would far outstrip food production
-The revolutionary socialism of Karl Marx advocated a violent overthrow of the present economic system
—History was seen as a class struggle between the exploiters (bourgeoisie) and the exploited (proletariat)
—“The Communist Manifesto” (1848), written by Marx and Friedrich Engels, advanced the theories of modern scientific socialism
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
-Manufacturing: flying shuttle
-Birth of the factory system: spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule, watt steam engine, power loom, cotton gin
-Iron-making: coke smelting, grooved rollers
-Transportation: steam locomotive, steamboat
Flying shuttle
-1733
-Increased the speed of weavers
Spinning jenny
-1764
-Increased the speed and output of yarn spinners
Water frame
-1764
-Introduced the first power-driven machine to manufacture cloth
Spinning mule
-1779
-A power-driven machine that produced fine, strong yarn
Watt steam engine
-1785
-Meant that factories were no longer dependent on water sources for power
Power loom
-1785
-Led to faster production of cloth
Cotton gin
-1792
-Made it possible to meet increased demand for cotton by mechanizing the process for separating seeds from cotton fiber
Coke smelting
-1760
-Improved production of iron
Grooved rollers
-1783
-Allowed iron-makers to roll out iron into different shapes
Steam locomotive
-1804
-Used initially to haul freight at coal mines and ironworks
-The steam engine was used to develop it
Steamboat
-1807
-Built by American inventor Robert Fulton
-The steam engine was used to build it
The topography of Africa
-Mainly composed of three regions: desert, savanna, and tropical rainforest
-The Sahara desert dominates the continent (covers most of northern Africa)
-Trade and commerce were connected to the geographical potential of the area
-Large populations flourished in the savanna and were primarily agrarian