Chapter 3 – 6 Society And Social Development – Sociology
This chapter covers society and social development – sociology.
Socialization
The process by which a society transmits its cultural values to its members.
Social Scientists
Think that most intelligence is learned from the social environment.
Nature Limits
Sets limits on what we can achieve.
Socialization Limits
Plays a role on what we do achieve.
Unsocialized Children
Children that retained nonhuman responses, non-lasting viciousness, minimal human capabilities.
Examples of Unsocialized Children
Wild boy of Aveyron, Anna and Genie
Process of Socialization
How to think, feel, be normal, moral and be a man or a woman. Requires normal interaction with adults.
Piaget
Children go through 4 stages of cognitive development.
Sensorimotor
Using senses and bodily movements to interact with the environment. (0-2)
Preoperational
Still able to understand cause and effect, animistic, egocentric. (2-7)
Concrete Operational
Able to perform simple intellectual tasks involving only visible, concrete objects. (7-12)
Formal Operational
Able to think and reason with abstract concepts. (12-15)
Learning How to Feel
1. Identify feelings. 2. Display and Conceal emotions. 3. Control their emotions.
Sigmund Freud
Proposed that normal personality develops through a series of stages in childhood.
Personality consists of three elements: Id, Ego and Superego.
Id
Inborn drives, pleasure seeking.
Ego
Balance the id, rational, advices the ID to listen to the Superego.
Superego
The conscience, moral.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Three levels of moral development.
Preconventional Morality
Defining right and wrong based on the consequence to follow.
Conventional Morality
Judging right and wrong based on the motive of the action at hand.
Postconventional Morality
Judging actions by taking account of conflicting norms.
George H. Mead
Levels of Development of Self. When children learn to internalize the values of society.
First Level of Self Development
Imitation of others without a clear understanding of the action. Young infant.
Second Level of Self Development
Children behave like significant others according to the actions they perceive they want or like from them. Children ages 3 to 5.
Third Level of Self Development
Children are able to generalize the significant roles there are in society. Children age 5 to 7.
Fourth Level of Self Development
The ME. Internalized social values becoming only one part of our personality. Children according to their maturity.
Fifth Level of Self Development
The WE. Children began understanding collaborative behavior among their peers.
Sixth Level of Self Development
The I. The other part of our personality which can not be invade by society. The I is always spontaneous, impulsive, creative, unlike the me.
Meredith F. Small
States that boys and girls learn to be masculine and feminine by developing gender identities.
Gender Identities
Images of whom they are expected to be on the basis of their sex.
Three Sources of Gender Development
1. Family. 2. School and Peers. 3. Media.
Hannah Brückner
States that students who took a virginity pledge are just as likely to get an STD as those who did not take the pledge and are having sex.
Charles H. Cooley
Developed the theory of Looking-Glass self. Self-image can affect personality and behaior.
Looking-Glass Self
We develop a self-image from the way others treat us.
Lev Grossman
Idea of Twixters. Young people in their twenties living with their parents who are in transition from adolescence to adulthood.
Reasons for Twixters
High cost of living, high rate of divorce, postponement of marriage, increased difficulty in finding jobs to make self financially independent.
Agents of socialization
Family, School, Peer group, Mass media, Work place.
Anticipatory socialization
The process by which people learn to assume a role in the future (e.g. going to college).
Developmental socialization
The process by which people learn to be more competent in a role (e.g. learning how to be a better dad, a better son, a better professor).
Resocialization
The process by which people are forced to develop a new self (e.g. going to prison, the army, or a mental institution).
Social Interaction
The process by which individuals act towards and react to others.
Oppositional Interactions
Treating others as competitors.
Supportive Interactions
Treating others as friends.
Symbolic Interactions
People interpret others’ actions and behave according to that interpretation.
Exchange
An interaction in which two individuals offer each other something in order to obtain a reward in return. Material reward or non-material.
Reciprocity
People help those who have helped them.
Cooperation
An interaction in which two or more individuals work together to achieve a common goal.
Traditional cooperation
Occurs frequently to become customary in society.
Spontaneous cooperation
When neighbors come together to help friends after a tragedy.
Directed cooperation
Based on the direction of authority.
Contractual Cooperation
Based on some sort of planning.
Semiotics
The study of symbolic communication.
Arbitrary
There is no actual connection between the object and a thing itself. A symbol is always.
Kinesics
Body Language
Proxemic
The use of space for communication.
Supportive Interactions
Referred to as “supportive interchanges”, or “mutual dealings”. All these words or actions should not be taken at face value because they are not what they appear to be. People pay more attention to the hidden meanings behind the expressed words or actions.
Oppositional Interactions
Usually involve people of different statuses. Higher-status people tend to perceive lower-status people as less worthy of respect. So they can behave disrespectful toward lower-status people.
Competition
There is some degree of cooperation because competitors must cooperate with each other by playing the game according to the rules
Conflict
Contestants try to achieve the same goal according with the accepted rules. The competing parties should concentrate on defeating the other.
Microsociology
The study of individual and group interaction. Face to face interaction.
Civil inattention
Casual encounters. Each individual indicates recognition of the other’s presence but avoids any gesture that might be taken as too intrusive (unfocussed interaction).
Erving Goffman
Studying the routine interactions of our social lives can tell us a lot about how our society is organized. People tend to break routines in creative ways; studying microsocial behavior can tell us about agency and the creative ability of people to shape reality. Micro-level interactions can tell us a lot about large social processes and institutions.
Non-verbal communication
The exchange of information & meaning through facial expressions, gestures, & movements of the body “body language”.
Paul Ekman
Developed the FACS because he understood how important facial expressions were in communications.
Facial Action Coding System (FACS)
Describing movements of the facial muscles giving rise to particular expressions. He claims that basic modes of emotional expression are the same in all human beings.
Genderlects: Men
Status and independence are primary goals
Avoid taking orders
Resist asking for help
Deal with own problems
Genderlects: Women
Connection and intimacy are primary goals
Cultivate friendships
Minimize differences and seek consensus
Talk to express feelings
Dramaturgy
Drama & plays are used to represent reality. They have been a common way to pass messages to children and young adults.
Ervin Goffman
Developed the idea of dramaturgy.
The Social Construction
of Reality
The process by which people create through social interactions certain ideas, feelings, and beliefs about their environment.
Thomas theorem
If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. Often leads to self-fulfilling prophecy.
Ethnomethodology
The analysis of how people define the world in which they live.
Humorology
The study and practice of humor. Helps society by attacking our taken-for-granted beliefs.
Aptitude
The capacity for developing physical or social skills.
Generalized Others
Mead’s term for people who do not have close ties to a child but who do influence the child’s internalization of society’s values.
Intelligence
The capacity for mental or intellectual achievement.
Peer Group
A group whose members are about the same age and have similar interests.
Personality
A fairly stable configuration of feelings attitudes, ideas and behaviors that characterizes an individual.
Significant Other
Mead’s terms for people who have close ties to a child and exert a strong influence on the child.
Total Institutions
Places where people are not only cut off from the larger society, but also rigidly controlled by the administrators.
Genderlects
Linguistic styles that reflect the different worlds of men and women.
Interaction Ritual
A form of interaction in which the participants perform certain acts to show reverence to each other.
Role Distance
Separating role-playing as outward performance from the inner self.
Normal Human Development
Requires continuing human interaction, as proven with the children raised in extreme isolation.
Thio’s Beliefs
While nature sets limits, socialization plays a very large role in determining who we are.
Social Exchange
Normally governed by the idea of reciprocity.
Adults Personalities
Have been determined but can always be changed.
Competition and US
The global market competing has helped U.S. companies become more efficient and productive.
Hernstein and Murray
More than half our intelligence comes from our genes. Many arguments against this.
Rene Spitz
DId studies at orphanages.
John Locke
Mind of a child is a blank slate. Tabula Rasa.
Howard Gardner
Found that all geniuses were born into families that valued learning and achievement and had atleast one loving and supportive adult.
Carol Giligan
Moral development of women is different because they have a higher concern for other than their own survival. Called this Moral Maturity.
Preparatory Stage
IMitate other people in their immediate environment. Not role play.
PLay Stage
Taking the roles of significant others, internalize parents values and attitudes.
Game Stage
Playing the roles of generalized others, make believe jobs.
Native American Children
Network of relatives, Cultural values, cherish time spent, rarely praise.
African American Children
Strong Kinship bonds, informal adoption is common, permissive, strict, physical punishment.
Hispanic American Children
Always with parents, elder respect, strong familism, motherly love is greater than that of wife, sensitive to the feelings and nee
ds of others.
Asian American Children
Indulge the children, psychological punishment, an age of understanding, group over individual, intelligence and excellence.
Other Directed Behavior
Looking to others for approval and support as opposed to reliance on personal beliefs and traditional values.
Institutionalism
A deep sense of hopelessness, pervasive, loss of initiative and deterioration of social skills. Loose the ability to function in a larger society.
Henslin and Biggs
Did pelvic exam studies, even without knowing exactly what to do, everyone still behaved in a specific way.
Goffman
Tactful Blindness, act as though the embarrassing situation does not exist.
Loss of Poise
Stumbling or spilling a drink.
Incorrect Identification
Getting someones name wrongs, or asking someone how their wife is after a divorce.
Situational Impropriety
Dressing wrong or showing up at bad timing.
Harold Garfinkel
Define the world in vague ways, people like to understand without details, Ex. How are you? Good not in what way.
Social Group
Consist of people who think of themselves as belonging together and interacting with one another. Members with a certain feeling of unity. Collections of people who share common identity and interact with each other based on shared expectations. These shape almost all our experiences.
Social Aggregate
A group that shares the same physical space but does not interact.
Social Category
Consists of people who have something in common but do not interact with one another, they are not close together
In-groups
Groups toward which we are strongly tied.
Out-groups
Groups of which we are not a member. Often look different from other members, have negative stereotypes of other groups and compete with other groups.
Primary Groups
Provide face to face interaction. Are small intimate groups. e.g. families, friends. Their values and attitudes become fused into our identity.
Secondary Groups
Little face-to-face interaction. Impersonal groups that rarely involve emotional ties or enduring relationships. e.g: salesclerks and customers. Relate to each other in terms of a particular role.
Reference groups
The groups we use as standards to evaluate our behavior. Don’t have to be a member in order to use it. People imitate these groups.
Group Size
An important factor in group dynamics. Large diffuse responsibility, small is more informal.
Dyad
One relationship.
Triad
Three Relationships.
Four Member Group
Six Relationships.
Five Member Group
Ten relationships.
Six Member Group
15 relationships.
Instrumental Leader
Person that keeps the group moving toward its goals.
Expressive Leader
Person that tries to gain consensus, makes sure everyone is happy
Laissez-Faire Leader
A highly permissive person.
Idiosyncrasy credit
Group leaders are allowed to deviate from their society’s norms.
Solomon Asch
Showed people will chose group consensus over their own perceptions.
Stanley Milgram
Showed people in groups do what they are told to-obedience, despite injury to others.
Groupthink
Members maintain a consensus to the extent of ignoring the truth.
Social Networks
Web of social relationships that link members or groups together. e.g. a friendship, a business transaction, expressions of feeling. Constitute broad sources of relationships, direct and indirect. Strength in weak ties.
Formal Organizations
Businesses, colleges, hospitals, schools. Setting and achieving goals are paramount. Tasks are assigned to workers with different skills. Power is exerted from higher to lower participants.
Bureaucratic
Rigidly committed to procedure or routine
All modern organizations are..
bureaucratic
Amitai Etzioni
1) coercive; 2) ultilitarian; 3) normative. Are the three most common types of organizations.
Max Weber
Bureaucracy is a highly effective means of organizing large numbers of people (a necessary evil). A group that is rational in achieving its goal efficiently.
Japanese Model
Large organizations have started to become less bureaucratic and more flexible. Characteristics include, Bottom-up decision making, Less specialization, Job security, Group orientation and merging of work and private lives.
Decentralization
Where power and responsibility are devolved downward throughout the organization.
Debureaucratization
The process of becoming less bureaucratic.
McDonaldization of Society
Principles of fast-food restaurants are dominating other sectors of society. Highly standardized and regulated. More automated systems are employed instead of human beings.
International Governmental Organizations
Organizations that are established by treaties among governments for conducting business among member nations.
International Nongovernmental
Organizations that are established by agreements among individuals or private organizations.
Deviance
Any act that violates a norm, what is deviant to one person is not necessarily deviant to another. Time, place and public consensus affect.
Criminal Deviance
Involves violating a criminal law & away from social norms.
Noncriminal Deviance
Involves moving away from society’s norm
The Biological View of Deviance
Old theories that tried to link biological factors with deviant behavior.
Cesare Lombroso
Tried to link skull shape with deviance.
William Sheldon
Tried to link muscular activities with deviance.
The Psychological View of Deviance
Some crimes are associated with particular personality types.
Psychopaths
Traits associated with these don’t have to be negative or lead to crime.
Emile Durkheim’s functionalist theory
Deviance benefits society by enhancing conformity, strengthening social solidarity, safely releasing discontent, and inducing social change.
Robert Merton’s strain theory
Deviance is caused by society’s stressing the importance of success without offering equal opportunities for achieving it. Five types of individuals who react to tensions between social values & the limited means to achieving them: conformist, innovators, ritualists, retreatists, & rebels
Travis Hirschi’s control theory
Deviance results from society’s failure to develop strong social bonds among its members.
John Braithwaite’s shaming theory
Deviance stems from society’s frequent use of disintegrative shaming to punish wrongdoers.
Edwin H. Sutherland’s differential association theory
Deviance arises from association with ‘other’ members of other groups that carries an excess of pro-deviant over anti-deviant definitions.
Howard S. Becker’s labeling theory
Being labeled deviant by society (i.e., negative societal reaction to certain behavior) leads people to see themselves as deviant and to live up to this self-image by committing more deviant acts.
Labeling theorists are interested in how behavior is defined as deviant and why certain groups, but not others, are labeled deviant.
Primary deviation
Initial act of transgression.
Secondary deviation
Individual accepts the label and sees oneself as deviant.
Harold Garfinkel and Jack Kats’s phenomenological theory
Looking into people’s subjective interpretations of their own experiences is key to understanding their deviant behaviors.
William Chambliss
Law enforcement favors the rich and powerful over the poor and weak, thus creating more deviants among the latter.
Richard Quinney
The dominant class produces deviance by making and enforcing laws, oppressing the subordinate class, and spreading crime ideology
Power theory
Because of their stronger deviant motivation, greater deviant opportunity, and weaker social control, the powerful are more likely to engage in profitable deviance than the powerless in unprofitable deviance.
Feminist theory
Conventional theories are largely inapplicable to women, while the status of women as certain victims and offenders reflects the continuing subordination of women in patriarchal society.
Stigmatized
They are seen as deserving of crime.
Edwin Sutherland
White-collar crime as the crime committed by affluent people without the use of over force. E.g. tax fraud, illegal sales practices, antitrust violations, embezzlement, land fraud.
Corporate Crime
Offences committed by large corporations. Society is indifferent, environmental and financial are common.
Organized Crime
Crime has become international with across border institutionalized networks of criminal activities. E.g. money laundering, narcotics trade, smuggling immigrants, trading human organs.
Manuel Castells
Believes in organized crime, activities are illegal still.
Cybercrime
Criminal activity carried out with help of information technology.
Controlling Deviance
Medicalization, informal control, formal control, death penalty, socialization.
Families, Friends and schoolmates are examples of social
Groups
John wants to be like his college professors, they are his
Reference Group
Ten people on campaign committee, didn’t know each other but now they are working together they are…
Secondary group
Which of the following is most likely to be a primary relationship?
Family enjoying a picnic at the beach.
Which is a social aggregate?
People waiting at Terminal C for flight 181.
Which is most likely to be an in-group?
Primary group.
What is the advantage of primary group
They help people meet their basic human needs for intimacy and security.
Tough leader and pushes people towards accomplishing project goals is an…
Instrumental Leader.
Supervisor provides support if needed but normally lets people do what they want he is an…
Laissez-Faire leader.
Group with diversity
Can devise more ways of solving problems.
Network focuses on
Relationships
Asking friends and associates for a doctor reccomendation
Makes use of network.
Examples of Formal Organization
Hospital, phone company, prision.
Social Category
People that share a common characteristics, gender, occupation or ethnicity but don’t necessarily interact.
Socialization
The most effective way to control dieviance.
Poverty breeds crime is incorrect because
Corporate crimes
Todays Terrorists
Young, male, single, middle class, educated, rational.
Capital Punishment
Is not an effective deterrent to murder.
Example of Organized Crime
Transporting human organs across borders.
What is the fastest growing crime during the 1990’s?
Cybercrime
How are Japanease corporations different?
Use bottom up decision making, a collaborative model.
Scientific Managemnet Model of Industrial Organization
Company can achieve maximum productivity if its workers do a simple repetitive task under close supervision.
Rationalization
Max Weber’s term for replacing subjective, spontaneous, informal way of doing things with planned things.
Peter Principle
The observation that in every hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence.
Bureaucracy
A modern Western organization defined by Max Weber as being rational in achieving its goal efficiency.
Informal Organization
A group formed by the informal relationships among members of an organization, based on personal interactions, not on any plan by the organization.
Laissez- Faire Leaders
Leaders who let others do their work more or less on their own.
Normative Leaders
Theories that suggest what we should do to achieve our goals.
Parkinson’s Law
The observation that, “Work expands to fill the time available for its completion”.
Anomie
A social condition in which norms are absent, weak, or in conflict.
Differential Association
The process of acquiring through interaction with others, an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to the violation of law.
Disintegrative Shaming
The process by which the wrongdoer is punished in ways such as to be stigmatized, rejected or ostracized.
Marginal Surplus Population
Marxist term for unemployed workers who are useless to the economy.
Neurosis
The mental problem characterized by a persistent fear, anxiety, or worry about trivial matters.
Psychosis
The mental problem typified by loss of touch with reality.
Rape
Coercive sex that involves use of force to get a woman to do something sexual against her will.
Reintegrative Shaming
Making wrongdoers feel guilty while showing them understanding, forgiveness, or respect.
Relative deprivation
Feeling unable to achieve relatively high aspirations.