Emotion & Aggression Behaviour – Psychology
This Psychology quiz is about emotion and aggression behaviour.
What are the steps to the emotional process?
antecedent event, appraisal, emotional response, changes in physiology
Define emotional intelligence.
ability to recognize emotions, empathy, regulation of emotions
Define emotional response.
the physiological, behavioural/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated
Describe the nervous system’s involvement in emotional responses including the duties of each branch.
ANS responsible for changes during emotional response; sympathetic branch used for survival and protection; parasympathetic branch used for positive emotions
Explain the Facial Action Coding System (FACS).
widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face
What is the most recognizable facial expression?
smile of happiness
What is the Duchenne smile?
expresses true enjoyment, involving both muscles that pull up lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye
What are subjective changes in emotion?
the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses
Describe the James-Lange theory of emotion.
perception of physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional responses; without perception of body changes there is not emotional response
ex. people with pencil in lips
What are some limitations of the James-Lange theory of emotion?
People with spinal cord injuries have very little feedback about physiological changes from body yet their subjective experience of emotion is not less intense
Describe the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion.
incoming emotional sensory stimuli travel to the thalamus, where the signal gets divided into a descending pathway to control body arousal and an ascending cortical pathway to control emotional experience (subjective); parallel processes
Describe the two-factor theory of emotion.
subjective experience of emotion is determined by awareness of physiological arousal as well as cognitive process to assess the most plausible emotional state; 2 steps are the appraisal multiplied by whatever is going on the body at the time
Describe a polygraph.
monitors changes in ANS activity (heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, skin conductance/sweating); has a control question test and guilty knowledge test
What are some limitations of using a polygraph?
it detects general anxiety associated with being questioned, it is time consuming
What are the most reliable behavioural changes to detect when someone is lying?
rigid posture, reduction of hand and arm movements, long pauses in speech, lower rates of blinking, more likely to repeat words, etc.
Define culturally relative.
expressions vary across cultures, best understood in their cultural context
What did Ekman find?
literate and preliterate people show a relatively high agreement for 5 of the 6 basic emotions, making them universal
According to your text, the three main types of responses to emotional events are:
physiological changes, behavioural-expressive changes, and subjective changes
Describe Ekman’s neurocultural theory of emotion.
some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotional regulation, are culturally derived
Define display rules.
learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them
What are the main regions of the emotional brain?
amygdala (appraisal), prefrontal cortex (considering options), anterior cingulate cortex (recalling emotional experience), hypothalamus (reward), insula (perceiving sensations arising within body)
Define life satisfaction.
overall evaluation we make of our lives and an aspect of subjective well-being
Define motivation.
the urge to move toward one’s goals, to accomplish tasks
Define needs.
inherently biological states of deficiency that compel drives
Define drives.
perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need; subjective; push
Define incentives.
any external object/event that motivates behaviour; pulls us into action
Describe the evolutionary model of motivation.
the purpose of any living organism is to perpetuate itself, “survival of the fittest”, major motives all involve basic survival and reproduction needs and drives: hunger, thirst, body-temperature, oxygen, sex
What is a limitation of the evolutionary model of motivation?
doesn’t tell us about the mechanism (how/what we use to achieve our needs)
Define instinct.
inherited behavioural tendency that has been preserved within a species because it helped ensure survival
Describe the drive reduction model of motivation.
when our physiological systems are out of balance/depleted we are driven to reduce this depleted state, maintain homeostasis around an optimal set point, modeled after thermostat
List some limitations of the drive reduction model of motivation.
doesn’t take into account the powerful effect of incentive, sex drives doesn’t make sense with this theory
Describe the optimal arousal model of motivation.
we function best at an “optimal level of arousal”, humans are motivated to be in situations that are neither too stimulating nor not stimulating enough, needs are motivated by the desire to be optimally aroused
Describe the hierarchical model of motivation.
looks at drives necessary for survival (regulatory) and those that aren’t (non-regulatory, wants), lower/basic levels must be satisfied before we can focus on achieving self-actualization, from lowest to highest: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self-actualization
What is a limitation of the hierarchical model of motivation.
love and belonging are critical to needs therefore some people believe it should be on lower/basic level
What are the 4 biological components to hunger?
stomach, blood, brain, hormones and neurochemicals
What is the lateral hypothalamus’ role in hunger?
stimulates feeding, if you stimulate this area will seek food, if you lesion this area animals will eat just enough
What is the ventromedial hypothalamus’ role in hunger?
promotes feeling full/inhibits feeding, if you stimulate this area animals will stop feeding, if you lesion this area animals will eat to point of obesity
List the hormones/neurochemicals that stimulate feeding.
neuropeptide Y, orexin, ghrelin, melanin, endocannabinoids
List the hormones/neurochemicals that suppress/inhibit feeding.
insulin, leptin, peptide YY, cholecystokinin
Explain the bottomless soup bowl experiment.
portioning food in certain ways causes people to eat less; at slow rate soup in bowl would refill; normal soup bowl people guessed just slightly below the calories they actually consumed, self-refilling soup bowl people consumed almost double the amount of calories they guessed they did
Explain men and women’s views on body image.
women’s self image is usually quite far away from what they and others think are ideal; men’s self image and what they thought women liked were together but farther from what women actually preferred
Define emotion.
brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation
Define mood.
affective states that operate in background of consciousness, tend to last longer than most emotions
Define affective traits.
stable predisposition toward certain types of emotional responses such as anger
Define and list basic emotions.
set of emotions common to all humans; anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Define self-conscious emotions.
types of emotion that require a sense of self and ability to reflect on actions; occur as function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society’s rules; directly tied to other people being around
Explain the broaden-and-build model.
Fredrickson’s model for positive emotions, they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills; negative emotions narrow our perspective (detail oriented), positive emotions help us see many possibilities (bigger picture, holistic tasks)
List and explain the 2 most prevalent eating disorders.
anorexia nervosa: people cannot maintain 85% of their ideal body weight for their height; bulimia nervosa: binge eating, perceived lack of control during eating
What are the risk factors of developing an eating disorder?
high reactivity to stress, genetics, personality, female
How much are genes responsible for an adult’s weight?
~70%
Define sexual behaviour.
actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm
What are the 4 phases of sexual arousal?
excitement, plateau (longer in women than in men), orgasm, resolution
Which hormone controls sex drive in men and women?
testosterone, produced by the adrenal glands
Explain the male sex hormones.
androgens: testosterone from Leydig cells of testes, have their actions in medial preoptic area of hypothalamus
Explain the female sex hormones.
progestogens and estrogens: progesterone and estradiol from female ovaries, have their actions on ventromedial area of hypothalamus
What are the affects of stress during pregnancy on sex hormones?
decreases testosterone and medial preoptic area
Describe the sexual dimorphic nucleus preoptic area in males and females.
males have more cells and the cells are bigger in this region
List and describe the 3 kinds of societies in terms of sexual attitudes towards sex before marriage.
restrictive (restrict sex before and outside of marriage), semi-restrictive (formal prohibitions on pre and extramarital sex that are not strictly enforced), permissive (few restrictions on sex)
Explain parental investment theory.
women’s role as parent is a higher contribution than men’s; single event can have lifelong impact on women
Define sexual orientation.
disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex, same sex, or both sexes
Explain the Kinsey scale.
scale from 0-6, 0 being exclusively heterosexual and 6 being exclusively homosexual, most people fall between 0 and 2
What is the need for affiliation?
need to belong, lack of belonging and rejection lead to physical and psychological problems
What is the need for achievement?
need to excel, achieve, and be competitive with others,
Define achievement motivation.
desire to do things well and overcome obstacles
What 3 things did Atkinson think the tendency to achieve success was a function of?
motivation to succeed, expectation of success, incentive value of success (level of difficulty makes it more rewarding)
_____ is a regulatory drive while _____ is a non-regulatory drive. (Sex drive; thirst, Thirst; hunger, Hunger; thirst, Thirst; curiosity, Thirst; curiosity)
thirst; curiosity
Which model of motivation is compared to how a thermostat works?
The drive reduction model
Sometimes hunger can be triggered by a stimulus in the environment associated with the occurrence of food. This psychological influence on hunger is known as the appetizer effect, and is learned through:
classical conditioning
Research testing the facial feedback hypothesis has found that when people hold a pen in their teeth, presumably activating the muscles involved in ___________, they later rate themselves as feeling __________ happy than people who have been asked to hold a pen with their lips.
smiling; more
People with spinal injuries who receive no sensory input from bodily areas below an injury tended to report emotions that were ____________ an appropriate comparison group of people. The results from this study provide clear support for the ________ theory of emotion.
as intense as; Cannon-Bard
Leptin is a hormone released from ______ that reduces general appetite.
fat cells
What is NOT evidence that the ventromedial area as important in female sexual behaviour?
the sexual behaviour of many primates is not strictly dependent upon levels of estrogen and progesterone
Lesions of the ______ abolish sexual behaviour in female laboratory rats.
ventromedial hypothalamic area
The male sex hormone testosterone:
enhances sex drive but not capability
Define personality.
the unique and relatively enduring set of behaviours, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual; distinguishes us from others and is consistent across situations and over time
Define trait.
disposition to behave consistently in a particular way
Do people who are shy have a higher or lower threshold for changing social situations?
lower threshold
What re the 3 non-genetic sources of personality?
shared environment, unshared environment, error
Define temperament.
biologically based disposition to behave in certain ways, lays foundation for later traits
How does a mother’s stress during pregnancy change an infant’s permanent stress response?
hyper-react to stress, release more stress hormones, more withdrawn
What are the personality traits in the NEO – P inventory?
extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness, psychotism
Which cultures tend to be individualistic? Which tend to be collectivistic?
Western/industrialized, Eastern
Which Freudian theory withstood the test of time?
3 layers of consciousness: preconscious, conscious, unconscious
Define preconscious (Freud).
just below surface of awareness, aren’t in conscious mind right now but can be recalled
Define conscious (Freud).
thoughts you are aware of
Define unconscious (Freud).
where most of our mind is, things we don’t have easy access to, has all drives, urges, and instincts outside of our awareness but still motivates most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, actions
Describe Freud’s theory of the 3 regions of the brain.
id (entirely unconscious, have at birth, pleasure), ego (where id expresses unconscious desires in ways that are adaptable), superego (last to develop, monitors and controls behaviour, driven by society and culture); id and ego are in constant conflict with each other
If someone is overly impulsive what would be the sizes of their id, ego, and superego?
small ego and superego therefore large influence of id
If someone is overly controlled what would be the sizes of their id, ego, and superego?
very large superego, small ego
Explain the repression defense mechanism.
underlies all other defense mechanisms, form of blocking (keeps unpleasant thoughts, feelings or impulses out of consciousness)
Explain the reaction formation defense mechanism.
defense mechanism that turns an unpleasant idea, feeling, or impulse into its opposite
Explain the projection defense mechanism.
defence mechanism in which people deny particular ideas, feelings, or impulses and project them onto others
Explain the sublimation defense mechanism.
defence mechanism in which socially unacceptable impulse is expressed in socially acceptable way
Explain Freud’s psychosexual stage theory.
stages of personality development, in different stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) a different region of the body is most erogenous
Define fixation.
inability to break out of particular mind-set in order to think about problem from fresh perspective
What are some limitations of Freudian theory?
research could not be replicated, based entirely upon case studies (recollections of adult patients), focuses on male development, ambiguous concepts (hard to define and measure)
Explain Alfred Adler’s personality theory.
striving for superiority: humans naturally strive to overcome their physical and psychological deficiencies, major drive behind all behaviour
compensation: people try to compensate for their feelings of weakness or inferiority as they grow
Explain Carl Jung’s personality theory.
unconscious has 2 distinct forms: personal (repressed thoughts, feelings, and motives) and collective (shared experiences of our ancestors that have been passed down from generation to generation; made up of archetypes: shadow, anima, animus)
Explain Karen Horney’s work with neurosis and neurotic personality.
neurosis stems from basic hostility and basic anxiety, people defend themselves by developing particular needs/trends, 3 neurotic trends: moving toward others, moving against others, moving away from others
Define the humanistic approach.
optimistic about human nature, humans are naturally interested in realizing their full potential
Explain Maslow’s contribution to the humanistic approach.
hierarchy of needs, set of 15 characteristics more common in self-actualizing individuals
Explain Carl Roger’s contribution to humanistic approach.
People naturally strive toward growth and fulfillment, need unconditional positive regard for that to happen
Define unconditional positive regard.
acceptance of another person regardless of his/her behaviour
Define conditions of worth (Roger).
beliefs that a person’s worth depends on displaying the “right” attitudes, behaviours, and values
What is a limitation of the humanistic approach?
doesn’t have scientific methodology
Explain Bandura’s personality social cognitive learning theory.
3 factors influence one another in shaping our personality: internal personal factors, environment, our behaviour; involves reciprocal determinism and self efficacy
Define reciprocal determinism.
process by which personal factors, behaviour, and environment all interact with one another to shape an individual’s personality
Define self-efficacy.
beliefs about ability to perform the behaviours needed to achieve desired outcomes
What is Bandura’s biggest contribution?
self-efficacy
Explain Walter Mischel’s SCLT of personality.
more theoretical, people are not consistent across all situations (if you’re just looking at snapshots in time you’re not getting the whole picture)
What is a limitation of Mischel’s SCLT of personality?
focuses too much on environment/situation (doesn’t fully appreciate inner traits or unconscious), does not address how personality develops over time
Explain Allport’s contribution to trait personality theories.
started with language, looked through English dictionary to find words used to describe people (initially found 18,000, narrowed down to 4,000), narrowed it down further to 10 traits but had little evidence
What is a limitation of Allport’s trait theory?
no scientific basis in choosing 10 traits
Explain Cattell’s 16 Personality Factors theory.
each of the 16 traits identified is on a continuum
Define source traits.
basic traits that underlie aspects of personality easily seen by others
Explain the Big Five Model of Personality.
includes 5 dimensions; openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism (acronym: OCEAN), is used in workplaces, etc. now
What is a limitation of the Big Five Model of Personality?
describes but does not explain personality
Explain biological theories for personality.
personality difference affected by combination of genes, neurochemistry, and characteristics of the nervous system, connection between cortical arousal and personality traits, 3 fundamental dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, psychoticism
Describe the behavioural observation measurement of personality.
most direct and objective method, can be used on people/animals that cannot report own personalities, doesn’t depend on people’s views of themselves, disadvantage: not all personality traits can be observed by others
Describe the interviewing measurement of personality.
natural and comfortable, used in case studies, etc., subject to bias, hard to score responses because they are open ended
Describe the projective tests measurement of personality.
participant is presented with vague stimulus or situation and asked to interpret it or tell story about what they see, Rorschach inkblot test and thematic apperception test (asked to tell story), low inter-rater reliablity
Describe the personality questionnaires measurement of personality.
most common method, self-report instruments on which respondents indicate extent to which they agree or disagree with series of statements, uses Likert scale, questions based on rational/face valid (uses reason/theory to make questions) or empirical (data-driven) method
Describe the typical personality changes across the life span?
people become steadily more agreeable and conscientious from adolescence to late adulthood, people become more assertive/dominant and emotionally stable from adolescence to middle adulthood, people become more sociable and open to new experiences from adolescence to early adulthood
Describe the personality changes after changes in life circumstances.
self-concept changes to more collectivist when become parent, people who suffer from brain injuries often lose ability to control impulses, are socially inappropriate, have temper, and are more prone to anger, neuroticism increases and openness and conscientiousness decrease after onset of Alzheimer’s disease
Describe Substance Use Risk Profile Scale.
predictive of people’s use, questions are all about personality (none about drug use), identified 4 personality types: anxiety sensitive, hopeless-introverted, sensation seeking, impulsivity
What is an example of using the quantitative trait loci (QTL) approach for studying personality?
Martin is looking for genetic markers associated with friendliness
Susan has a low behavioural threshold for feeling shy. What does this mean?
It doesn’t take much to make Susan feel shy
According to Hans Eysenck, ________ refers to how active the brain is at a resting state, as well as how sensitive it is to stimulation.
cortical arousal
According to Freud, when confronted by potentially overwhelming urges, the ego may resort to what are called _________ in order to reject or distort reality, thus effectively reducing the anxiety that accompanies these urges.
defence mechanisms
__________ is the point at which one moves from not having a particular response, to having one.
behavioural threshold
Which personality measurement method is usually arranged on a Likert scale?
personality questionnaires
Evidence suggests that temperament and personality differences are observable before birth. Fetuses that have a relatively high heart rate at 36 weeks of pregnancy, have been shown to:
be more fussy at 6 months
Based on twin studies described in your text, the most influential non-genetic determinant of personality differences is/are:
unshared environment
If you wanted to learn about someone’s personality, one simple thing you could do would be to talk to him ot her for a while and ask a few questions. Your method of learning about this person’s personality is most similar to which type of personality assessment?
interview
Define social psychology.
study of the effects of real or imagined presence of others on people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions
Define social cognition.
way in which we think about our social world
Define attribution.
inferences made about the causes of other people’s behaviour
Define dispositional/internal attributions.
ascribe other people’s behaviour to something within them, ex. fail because they’re lazy
Define situational/external attributions.
something outside the person is the cause of his/her behaviour, ex. Fail because task was too hard
Define self-serving bias.
tendency to make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes
Define fundamental attribution error.
tendency to explain others’ behaviour in dispositional (internal) rather than situational (external) terms
Define blaming the victim.
attribution that places blame on the victim of a crime, accident, or misfortune
Define schema.
ways of knowing that affect how we view our social world
Define stereotypes.
schemas of how people are likely to behave based simply on groups to which they belong
Which part of the brain is activated when you avoid using stereotypes?
prefrontal cortex
Define in-group/out-group bias.
tendency to show positive feelings toward people who belong to the same group as we do, and negative feelings toward those in other groups, groups don’t have to be meaningful for someone to exhibit the positive and negative feelings
Define out-group homogeneity.
tendency to see all members of an out-group as the same
What brain regions are activated by exclusion?
anterior cingulate and right ventral prefrontal area
Define prejudice.
biased, negative attitude based on individual’s group membership
Define discrimination.
negative behaviour towards another based upon group membership
Explain Jane Elliot’s prejudicial attitudes experiment.
told her students that blue eyed people are superior and gave them special privileges, within a few hours blue eyed children looked down on brown eyed, next day she reversed the roles and the same thing happened
Explain the IAT.
pairing races, gender, etc., with negative or positive words, developed by Mahzarin Banaji and Anthony Greenwald, faster response times indicate that people more readily associate 2 concepts
Define attitudes.
individual’s favourable or unfavourable beliefs, feelings, or actions toward an object, idea, or person; have affective, cognitive, and behavioural components
What are the 2 major reasons for changes in attitude?
cognitive dissonance, persuasion
Define cognitive dissonance.
feeling of discomfort caused by information that is different from a person’s conception of himself/herself as a reasonable and sensible person
What are the 3 options to decrease discomfort created by cognitive dissonance?
change the behaviour to make it consistent with dissonant cognition, justify behaviour by changing cognitions to make it more consistent with our behaviour, add new cognitions that are consistent with behaviour, therefore support it
Explain the results of the study testing cognitive dissonance.
told students to lie, given money for lying, those given $20 rated task low (similar to control group results), those given $1 rated task high, irrational behaviour due to cognitive dissonance because reward was not adequate compensation for the lie (attitude was altered to fit behaviour)
Define persuasion.
act of attempting to change the opinions, beliefs, or choices of others by explanation or argument
What does a successful persuasion depend on?
source/communicator, method used to convey message, audience
“Ahmed’s bicycle was stolen yesterday,” Jason said, “and that’s why he’s so cranky today.” Jason has just said ___ to explain the cause of Ahmed’s behaviour.
situational/external attribution
Define central persuasion.
using systematic arguments
Define peripheral persuasion.
using superficial, attractive cues
Define group.
collection of 2 or more people who interact with each other and are interdependent, HAVE to be interdependent
Define social facilitation.
phenomenon in which the presence of others influences one’s performance; if task is easy presence of others tends to improve performance, opposite is true for difficult tasks
Define social loafing.
phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to slack off if individual effort cannot be evaluated
Define social norms.
rules about acceptable behaviour imposed by the cultural context in which one lives
Define conformity.
tendency of people to adjust their behaviour to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture
Define informational social influence.
conformity to the behaviour of others because one views them as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do; would follow crowd in private or in public
Define normative social influence.
conformity to the behaviour of others in order to be accepted by them; public response is different from private response
What type of social influence was Solomon Asch examining in his line study?
normative social influence
Define groupthink.
situation in which the thinking of the group takes over, so much so that group members forgo logic or critical analysis in the service of reaching a decision
What are some limitations of groupthink?
difficult to test experimentally (would need ~50 test groups), most research comes from retrospective analysis
What are the conditions that must be met for groupthink?
close-knit and cohesive, insulated from outside influences, under the direction of a strong leader, under pressure to reach decision
Define obedience.
type of conformity in which a person yields to the will of another person (authority figure)
Describe Milgram’s experiment.
researching obedience, participant and confederate, told study was about mild punishment on memory, learner (confederate) received shocks from teacher each time got answer wrong, with each mistake shock intensity would increase, learner reacted with pain as shocks increased, if teacher (participant) asked if he/she should go on experimenter would say go on, 26 of the 40 went all the way to 450 volts
What are the 2 different motivations that underlie empathetic behaviour?
egoistic and empathic motivation
Explain egoistic motivation.
help someone to use own distress stemming from situation, not true altruism; selfish inwardly but selfless outwardly
Explain empathic motivation.
altruistic desire to reduce the distress of person in need
What did Singer’s study about whether people felt the pain of their loved ones find?
when experiencing pain themselves brain activity in the somatosensory cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, cerebellum; when partner experiencing pain only parts triggered by emotional aspect of pain showed activation (ACC)
What is one of the strongest factors influencing how much we like people?
reciprocal liking; we like those who like us
What do people find attractive?
average and symmetrical faces
Explain the sexual strategies theory.
idea that men and women face different problems when they seek out mates, often approach relationships in very different ways
Explain Sternberg’s triangular theory of love.
idea that 3 components (intimacy, passion, commitment) in various combinations, can explain all the forms of human love; when all 3 exist in equal proportions consummate love exists
Explain the findings from looking at love as an attachment.
securely attached adults easily get close to others; anxious/ambivalent adults have less satisfying relationships, fear that partner doesn’t want intimacy; avoidant adults are uncomfortable being close to others
Explain Bartholomew’s adult attachment styles.
secure: positive image of self and others
preoccupied: negative self-image and positive view of others
dismissing: positive self-image and negative image of others
fearful: negative self-image and negative view of others
The principle that states that we are most likely to help others with whom we share the most genes is known as
kin selection
What were some ethical issues with Milgram’s study?
some people who went all the way experienced seizures while administering the shocks
What did Milgram’s follow up studies find was the most important factor in obedience?
authority figure
Define aggression.
violent behaviour that is intended to cause psychological or physical harm, or both, to another being
Define hostile aggression.
when aggression stems from emotion, usually feelings of anger
Define instrumental aggression.
means to achieve some goal
What are the brain areas involved in aggression?
hypothalamus, amygdala (emotional memory and processing), prefrontal cortex (inhibit aggression)
What are the 2 chemical messengers related to aggression?
serotonin (low levels = more likely to be aggressive), testosterone (high levels = more likely to be aggressive)
How does the position of someone to their goal affect the likelihood of their aggression?
the closer we are to our goal when we become frustrated, the more aggressive we are likely to be; Harris’ line cutting study
How did Bandura explain aggressive behaviour?
observing aggressive people and the consequences of their actions can make us more aggressive, Bobo doll experiment
Explain Bartholow and Anderson’s results of the aggressive video game experiment.
participants who played violent video game blasted loser with much louder and longer noise
Define prosocial behaviour.
action that is beneficial to others
Explain the bystander effect.
phenomenon in which the greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help
Explain the diffusion of responsibility.
when there are many people around, individual’s responsibility to act seems decreased
Define altruism.
selfless attitudes and behaviour toward others
Define kin selection.
individuals’ tendency to help their own relatives as way of ensuring their genes get passed on
Define reciprocal altruism.
the act of helping others in the hope that they will help us in the future
Define social exchange theory.
idea that we help others when we understand that the benefits to ourselves are likely to outweigh the costs
Define empathy.
ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations
Explain the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
idea that people help others selflessly only when they feel empathy for them
Define appraisal.
evaluation of situation with respect to how relevant it is to one’s own welfare; drive the process by which emotions are elicited; doesn’t have to be conscious
Explain the study that showed how we can manipulate appraisal.
Study showed how different soundtracks given during a documentary can affect appraisal; measured skin conductance; 4 conditions were trauma, denial, intellectualization, silent
Define emotional regulation.
cognitive and behavioural efforts people make to modify their emotions
Define reappraisal.
emotional regulation strategy in which one re-evaluates an antecedent event so that a different emotion results
Define expressive-suppression.
involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion; little white lies