Earth Matter & Acceleration Optical System – Physics
This Physics quiz covers earth matter and acceleration optical system.
acceleration
when the net force is 0 (zero) no __________ occurs
Newton’s second law
acceleration is directly proportional to force; if force is applied to an object in motion, the object will accelerate
Newton’s third law
for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction; also, the normal force acts perpendicular to the object
law of universal gravitation
every point mass in the universe attracts every other point mass with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them; F=G(m1m2/r^2)
vacuum
the speed of light in a ______ is constant when compared to any frame of reference (3 x 10^8 m/s AKA “C”); outside of this, it is slightly less
vaporization, melting, sublimation
phase changes in which atoms and molecules of matter spread apart, heat up, and move more quickly
condensation, freezing, deposition
phase changes in which atoms and molecules of matter condense, lose heat, and slow down
elastic collision
an encounter between two or more bodies in which total kinetic energy is conserved *collisions between particles of matter are perfectly this
inelastic collision
encounter between two bodies in which some kinetic energy is transferred to the environment MOVE TOGETHER
linear momentum
p=mv
angular momentum
circular motion; when motion stops, the object goes off on a tangent
Boyle’s law
apply pressure to gas, volume decreases
Charles’s law
increase temperature of gas, volume increases
Gay-Lussac’s law
increase pressure of gas, temperature increases
Avogadro’s hypothesis
2 gases of equal volume at the same temperature and pressure will have the same number of particles
solid
state of matter; low kinetic energy; particles vibrate in place; definite shape; definite volume; not compressible
liquid
state of matter; more kinetic energy than solid, less than gas; particles vibrate and slide; no definite shape; definite volume; not compressible
gas
state of matter; much kinetic energy; particles move freely; no definite shape; no definite volume; is compressible
plasma
state of matter; violent kinetic energy; particles have violent collisions in which electrons are knocked free; no definite shape; no definite volume; is compressible
chemical properties
ability of a substance to react or transform; describe how substances react with others; reactivity, combustibility, flammability, oxidation (tarnish)
physical properties
properties that describe the look and feel of a substance; odor, melting/freezing point, boiling/dew point, luster, phase, conductivity, compressibility, volume, mass, density, hardness, luminosity
volume
amount of space matter takes up
compressiblity
ability to be compressed
density
mass/volume
conductivity
ability to conduct electricity
malleability
ability to bend or work with a material
reactivity
refers to how fast a substance reacts
molecular composition
refers to how atoms and molecules are arranged in a substance
freezing point
temperature at which a liquid changed to a solid
melting point
temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid
boiling point
temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
heterogeneous mixture
mixture in which individual components can be seen; substances remain separate
homogeneous mixture
mixture in which the individual components cannot be seen; single-phased
solution
type of homogeneous mixture; a substance is dissolved in another substance (air, salt water)
colloid
type of homogeneous mixture; substance microscopically dispersed throughout another substance (milk, blood)
suspension
type of heterogeneous mixture; mixture of two chemicals with the property that one does not rapidly settle out (salad dressing)
chemical change
change in which atoms are rearranged into a new substance
physical change
change in which there is a change in physical properties without transforming
Dalton
developed the first atomic model; stated that an atom cannot be divided into smaller pieces; atomic theory
Thomson
developed the plum pudding model; discovered electron, assumed protons must exist
Rutherford
performed gold foil experiment; determined that there is a positive nucleus and that the atom is mostly empty space; created cherry model
Bohr
discovered that electrons move in specific orbitals; created Bohr model
proton
positively charged nucleon; charge of +1; mass ~1amu; in nucleus
neutron
nucleon with no charge; mass ~1amu; in nucleus
electron
negatively charged particle in electron cloud; charge -1; mass 99% smaller than proton/neutron
atomic number
number of protons
mass number
protons + neutrons
atomic mass
protons + neutrons + electrons
valence electrons
to determine the number of ______ _______ , you can draw a Bohr model OR know that group 1 – 1 VE, G2 – 2 VE, G13- 3 VE, G14 – 4 VE, G15 – 5 VE, G16 – 6 VE, G17 – 7 VE, G18 – 8 VE (helium has 2)
atoms
the building blocks of matter
molecules
2 or more atoms covalently bonded together
compounds
atoms bonded ionically
covalent bonds
bonds between 2 or more NONMETALS and are held together by their mutual attraction for electrons
ionic bonds
bonds between a metal and a nonmetal that are held together by giving away electrons; think +1, +2, etc
redox reactions
reactions that involve the transfer of electrons; LEO THE LION WENT GER; oxidation/reduction
acid-base reactions
reactions that involve the transfer of protons; neutralization; water and salt
synthesis reaction
2 or more chemical species combine to form a more complex product; A + B –> AB
decomposition
a compound is broken into smaller chemical pieces; AB –> A + B
single replacement
AB + C –> A + BC
double replacement
AB + CD –> AC + BD
combustion
double replacement where a nonmetal deteriorates; products are CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER
hydronium
water molecule with extra proton; formed by acid; H3O+
hydroxide
water molecule less one proton; formed by base; OH-
acids
have pH below 7
bases
have pH above 7
bases accept acids donate
BAAD
speed
distance per unit time
average speed
total distance of movement divided by total time
longitudinal wave
a wave in which matter moves parallel to the wave direction
frequency
the number of wavelengths that pass a point per second
rarefaction
less dense region of a compressional wave
amplitude
measure of energy carried by a wave
sonar
detection by reflecting underwater sound waves
decibel
unit of sound intensity
Doppler effect
change in wave frequency because of a moving source
acoustics
study of sound
ultrasonic
refers to sound above normal human hearing range
cochlea
region of the ear that converts vibrations into nerve impulses
resonator
region of the ear that amplifies sound waves
visible light
the range of electromagnetic waves that we can see
infrared
electromagnetic wave below visible light used in thermograms
ultraviolet
electromagnetic wave above visible light, blocked by ozone layer
photon
particle form of light
x-ray
electromagnetic wave used to produce images of the body
electromagnetic spectrum
all waves consisting of vibration of electrical and magnetic fields
gamma ray
high energy wave that can damage cells
microwave
shorter wave used in communications
radio wave
longest electromagnetic wave
coherent light
light with only one wavelength
translucent
describes a material that allows only some light through
opaque
describes a material that allows no light through
diverging lens
lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges
plane mirror
flat, smooth surface that reflects an image
focal length
distance from center of lens or mirror to the focus
cornea
transparent outer covering of the eye
real image
image formed by actual light rays
optical axis
imaginary line perpendicular to the center of a mirror or lens
retina
part of the eye containing light-sensing cells
converging lens
lens that is thicker in the middle than at the edges
convex mirror
only mirror with one type of image: virtual, minimized, and smaller
electric current
flow of electrons through a material
conductor
material allowing easy flow of electrons
insulator
material that does not allow easy flow of electrons
resistance
measure of strength in opposing electron flow (in a circuit)
parallel circuit
circuit with multiple branches
power
rate at which electric energy is transferred (I x V)
voltage
electrical potential energy difference
series circuit
circuit with only one path
induction
method of charging an object by bringing it close to a charged object
transformer
device that increases or decreases AC voltage
generator
device that changes mechanical energy to electrical energy
turbine
large wheel that rotates when pushed by water, wind, and steam
magnetic pole
part of a magnet with the strongest force
direct current
type of electron flow in one constant direction
galvanometer
device that measures electric current with an electromagnet
alternating current
type of electron flow that changes direction periodically
fossil fuel
energy source from decayed organisms
photovoltaic cell
device that converts light energy into electricity
nonrenewable resource
energy source that cannot be replaced fast than it is used
geothermal energy
thermal energy from the earth that can be used to generate electricity
hydroelectricity
electrical energy from the energy of moving water
constructive interference
combination of waves that makes the resulting wave larger
destructive interference
combination of waves that makes the resulting wave smaller
electromagnetic radiation
radiation produced when objects become so hot they give off light
pigment
substance that absorbs and reflects particular colors
electromagnetic induction
principle by which generators move wire through a magnetic field to produce current
electromagnet
temporary magnet made with loops of wire around an iron core
petroleum
flammable crude oil formed by decayed organisms
nuclear waste
radioactive by-product resulting from use of radioactive sources
motion
a change in position, measured by distance and time
speed
the distance traveled by a moving object per unit of time
(distance/time)
average speed
total distance/ total time
velocity
speed in a given direction
acceleration
the rate of change in velocity
deceleration
a term commonly used to mean a decrease in speed
force
any push or pull
friction
a force that opposes motion
gravity
the force of attraction between all objects in the universe
free fall
an object falling under the influence of gravity
weight
the effect of gravity on an object’s mass
momentum
the product of the mass of an object and its velocity
(mass X velocity)
Newton’s 1st law of Motion
An object at rest will remain at rest, and a moving object will remain at a constant velocity unless unbalanced forces act on it
Newton’s 2nd law of Motion
Force = mass X acceleration
Newton’s 3rd law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
net force
the combination of all forces acting on an object
unbalanced force
the cause of an object to start moving, stop moving or change direction
balanced force
equal forces acting on one object
inertia
tendency of an object to resist change in motion
static friction
the friction that acts on objects that are NOT moving
sliding friction
the friction that occurs when two surfaces slide over each other
fluid friction
the friction that occurs when a solid object moves through a fluid
rolling friction
the friction that occurs when an object rolls across a surface
mass and distance
the two factors that affect gravity are:
air resistance
a type of fluid friction on which objects falling through air experience upward force
terminal velocity
the greatest velocity a falling object reaches, the point at which air resistance equals gravity
projectile
an object that is thrown, the only force acting upon it is gravity
centripetal force
force acting towards the center of a curved or circular path
law of conservation of momentum
LAW: Momentum before a collision is equal to the momentum after the collision
total momentum
sum of all objects moving together
energy
the ability to do work or cause change
law of conservation of energy
LAW: energy cannot be created or destroyed
gravitational potential energy
the potential energy of an object related to the object’s height
wave
a repeating disturbance or movement that transfers energy through matter or space
mechanical waves
waves which require a medium are called:
medium
a form of matter through which a wave travels
transverse wave
a type of mechanical wave in which matter moves up and down at a right angle to the direction of the wave
longitudinal (compression) wave
a type of mechanical wave in which matter moves back and forth parallel to the direction of the wave
frequency
measures the number of waves that pass a certain point in one second
Hertz
frequency is measured in:
inversely
wavelength and frequency are _______ related
crest
the highest part of a transverse wave
trough
the lowest part of a transverse wave
amplitude
the maximum distance the particles of a medium move away from their rest positions through a medium
compression
a more compact section of a longitudinal (compression) wave
rarefaction
a looser section of a longitudinal (compression) wave
wavelength
the distance between two corresponding parts of a wave (crests or troughs)
reflection
when an object hits a surface through which it cannot pass, it bounces
refraction
when a wave enters a new medium at an angle, and one side bends before the other and changes speed before the other
diffraction
when an object causes a wave to change direction and bend around it
constructive interference
when two crests hit at the same time to create a larger wave
destructive interference
when crests hit troughs, minimizing effects and creating a smaller wave
compressional wave
sound is a __________ type of wave
sound
a type of compressional wave that travels through the air as a series of compressions and rarefactions
sound intensity
the energy of the sound wave
different
different mediums cause sound to travel at _______ speeds
decibel
unit for loudness
outer ear
the section of the ear that gathers and channels sounds to the middle ear
pinna
the outer ear is also known as the
middle ear
the section of the ear that is an air filled cavity that amplifies and converts sound waves to vibrations
middle ear
the eardrum is located in which section of the ear?
hammer, anvil, stirrup
the three smallest bones in the human body, located in the middle ear are called the
inner ear
the section of the ear that converts nerve impulses which are then interpreted by the brain
cochlea
a snail shaped tube in the inner ear which is filled with around 20,000 hair cells that each have a specific frequency
pitch
frequency = __________.
loudness
amplitude = __________.
infrasonic
sounds with frequencies below 20 hertz (humans cannot hear)
ultrasonic
sounds with frequencies above 20,000 hertz (humans cannot hear)
angle of incidence
the angle between the incoming ray of light and the normal
angle of reflection
the angle between the outgoing ray of light and the normal
law of reflection
LAW: the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
focus (focal point)
a place in a lens or mirror where all of the parallel light rays meet
image
what you think you see in a mirror or lens: the object is enlarged, reduced or moved
convex
this type of lens magnifies
convergent
a convex lens is ______________, because all the light rays come together
concave
this type of lens reduces
divergent
a concave lens is ______________, because the light rays spread apart
concave
this type of mirror or lens looks like the sides have caved in )(
convex
this type of mirror or lens has a middle that is bigger than the ends ()
opposite
lenses and mirrors work ___________ of each other.
convex
this type of mirror reduces
divergent
a convex mirror is _________, because all of the light rays spread apart
concave
this type of mirror magnifies
convergent
a concave mirror is ____________, because the light rays come together
optical systems
microscopes, telescopes, binoculars and cameras are all examples of ________________ that use a combination of mirrors and lenses to let us see very distant or very small objects
optics
the study of how light behaves
normal
an imaginary line drawn perpendicular to the face of a mirror or lens
mirror
an optical device that works by reflection
lens
an optical device that works by refraction
plane mirror
a flat sheet of glass that has a smooth, silver colored coating on one side
virtual image
an upright image that forms where light seems to come from
virtual
plane mirrors produce a ______________ image that is upright and the same size as the object
virtual or real
concave mirrors can form either _______________ images
real image
a type of image that forms when rays actually meet
virtual
because the rays never meet, the images formed by convex mirrors are ___________ images and smaller than the object
mirage
an image of a distant object caised by refraction of light
position
the __________ of an object relitive to the focal point determines whether a convex lens produces a virtual or real image.
cornea
light enters the eye through the transparent front surface called the
pupil
an opening in the eye through which light enters the inside of the eye
iris
a ring of muscle in the eye that contracts and expands to change the pupil’s size and gives the eye its color
retina
a layer of cells on the inside of the eyeball, made of rods and cones, where light rays hit
transparent
a ____________ material transmits most of the light that strikes it.
translucent
a ____________ material scatters light as it passes through
opaque
a ____________material reflects or absorbs all of the light that strikes it
primary colors of light
Red, green and blue are also known as the
primary colors of pigments:
Magenta, yellow, and cyan are also known as the
white
When combined together in equal amounts, the three primary colors of light produce this color light:
black
When combined together in equal amounts, the three primary colors of pigments produce this color:
pigments
Inks, paints and dyes contain these:
optic nerve
the rods and cones send images to the brain along a short, thick nerve called the _______________.
nearsighted
a type of vision that sees nearby things clearly, but objects at a distance are blurred because the eyeball is too long.
farsighted
a type of vision that sees distant objects clearly, but nearby objects are blurred because the eyeball is too short.
concave
Nearsighted vision can be corrected with this type of lens
convex
Farsighted vision can be corrected with this type of lens
circuit breaker
a reusable safety switch that breaks the circuit when the current becomes too high
electric field
the region around a charged object where an electric force is present
insulator
a material that does NOT allow electrical charges to move through it easily
series circuit
an electrical circuit with a single path
conductor
a material through which electrical charges can easily flow
alternating current
electrical current that changes direction is called
amperes (amps)
unit for the number of electrons moving in a current
ohms
unit for electrical resistance
resistance
the higher this is, the lower the current
transformer
a device that increases or decreases the voltage of alternating current
voltage
as this increases, so does the current
magnet
any material that attracts iron or materials containing iron
static electricity
clothes often stick together because of this
electric force
this is the force between two charged objects
magnetic pole
one of two points, such as the ends of a magnet, that have opposing magnetic qualities
reference point
a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion
meters/second
unit for acceleration:
not moving
on a graph showing distance vs. time, a horizontal line represents that the object is __________.
constant speed
when the speed of an object does NOT change
instantaneous speed
the rate at which an object is moving in a given instant
electromagnetic waves
which waves have some electrical properties and some magnetic properties?
medium
Electromagnetic waves transfer energy without a:
speed
In a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves have the same :
infared rays, microwaves, radio waves
visible light has a higher frequency than:
electromagnetic spectrum
the range of electromagnetic waves placed in a certain order is called the:
one million times faster
about how much faster that sound are electromagnetic waves?
transverse
electromagnetic waves are classified as what type of wave?
polarized
_____________ light consists of waves that vibrate in one direction only.
infared radiation
thermograms are produced by what?
visible light
the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum humans can see
gamma rays
the highest frequency waves on the electromagnetic spectrum with the shortest wavelength and the greatest energy
yellow
the most irritating color to the human eye is:
work
a force exerted on an object that causes the object to move some distance ( force X distance)
absorption
when a wave is dampened inside a soft boundary
autotrophs
producers that produce their own food
biomass
each trophic level is higher in total mass than the level above it
second trophic level
also known as the primary consumers. ie grasshoppers
third trophic level
toads consuming grasshoppers
fourth and fifth trophic levels
snakes consume toads
food web
varying form of the food chain
hydrologic cycle
the cycle where water is circulated through the biosphere
greenhouse gas
water vapor in the air that reflects radiation from the earths surface back toward the earth, whichs traps heat
nitrogen fixing
the process of combining nitrogen with either hydrogen or oxygen
nitrogen fixing bacteria
bacteria that combines nitrogen with either hydrogen or oxygen
nitrates
a thing plants use instead of ammonia
nitrification
a process which further breaks down ammonia into nitrates
ammonification
large of amounts of nitrogen that are returned to the earth by bacteria and fungi, which decompose dead plant and animal matter into ammonia and other substances
denitrification
various species of bacteria that ar responsible for breaking down excess nitrates, which releases nitrogen gas back into the air
density
sound travels faster in substances with a greater…