Stimulus And Operant conditioning – Psychology
In this chapter we discuss Stimulus And Operant conditioning – Psychology
In psychology, the term “conditioning” refers to:
adaptation to specific environmental factors due to repeated exposure to those factors.
a prior exposure to a stimulus.
learning associations between environmental events and behavioral responses. – correct
enhanced performance due to extensive practice and training in a particular skill or sport.
To produce a learned response in classical conditioning, what two elements are repeatedly paired?
a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally elicits a response – correct
a stimulus and a response
a behavioral response and a natural environmental consequence
an unconditioned response and a conditioned response
Steven Spielberg’s classic movie Jaws was a thriller about a great white shark that terrorized tourists at a local beach. Just before the shark’s appearance, eerie music began playing. As the unseen shark came closer, the tempo of the music picked up. After the audience had experienced this a few times, the sound of the music triggered the emotional reaction of fear in the audience even though the shark still had not appeared. At that point, the sound of the eerie music was a:
conditioned response (CR)
conditioned stimulus (CS) – correct
unconditioned response (UCR)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
In the above example of Jaws, the great white shark is the:
unconditioned response (UCR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
conditioned response (CR)
unconditioned stimulus (UCS) – correct
In Jaws, the unconditioned response of fear is due to the:
great white shark – correct
eerie music
terrorized tourists
water
Prior to conditioning, a dog will salivate in response to food placed in its mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while the dog salivating would be labeled the _____.
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response – correct
unconditioned response; unconditioned stimulus
The unconditioned response (UCR) and conditioned response (CR) are always the same.
True – correct
False
John B. Watson believed that psychology should study:
consciousness
physiological processes
observable behavior – correct
conditioned stimuli
Which of the following has the greatest impact on the strength of the conditioned response?
the timing of the operant
the size of the unconditioned response
the magnitude of the reinforcer
the timing of stimulus presentations – correct
Every Friday, Dr. Cruz would give a quiz in his psychology class. Students quickly learned to be nervous on Friday mornings, just before each quiz. Halfway through the semester, Dr. Cruz stopped giving quizzes on Fridays and the students’ anxiety began to diminish with each passing week in which there was no quiz. The decrease in the students’ anxiety may be attributed to the process of:
latent learning
spontaneous recovery
extinction – correct
stimulus generalization
You worked extra hard this past week–finishing projects on time and producing high quality work. As a result, your boss treats you to lunch. Your boss is using which operant conditioning method to have high quality work continue?
positive punishment
positive reinforcement – correct
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
You continue to produce high quality work, however, instead of your boss treating you to lunch, your boss lets you leave early on Friday. Your boss is using which form of operant conditioning?
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement – correct
positive punishment
negative punishment
John Watson had a major impact not only on psychology but also on the U.S. advertising industry. Which statement best describes Watson’s influence on the advertising industry?
Watson demonstrated the effectiveness of conditioned reinforcers and behavior modification techniques in improving worker productivity.
Watson was a pioneer in using classical conditioning in advertising campaigns so that consumers would associate emotional responses with particular consumer products. – correct
Watson’s research on conditioned responses in animals was used to improve veterinary practice and to develop new products for pets and livestock.
Watson’s classical conditioning techniques demonstrated the importance of having employees wear uniforms with the company’s logo.
Which of the following advertising techniques is based on classical conditioning principles?
a salesperson explaining why Brand X is superior
a picture of a shelf filled with Brand X products
a sexy model using Brand X – correct
including a $1.00 mail-in rebate in the ad for Brand X
Which of the following best illustrates classical conditioning?
Marilyn practically jumped out of her chair when a very loud clap of thunder occurred right over her house.
Susan gives her daughter five dollars a week to help with chores around the house.
Because his older brother once locked him in the closet, Marcus gets anxious in small enclosed rooms. – correct
After watching another three-year-old stick out her tongue at the daycare worker, Beth does the same thing.
Whenever Rosa tries to talk on the telephone, her 5-year-old daughter Isabel repeatedly interrupts her. If Rosa wanted to use the strategy of reinforcing the problem behavior to not occur again, she would:
reward Isabel for not interrupting her during a phone call. – correct
ignore Isabel’s attempts to talk to her while she is on the phone.
send Isabel to a corner every time she interrupted her while she is on the phone.
tell her friend that she would call her back and immediately attend to whatever it was that Isabel wanted.
Which of the following alternatives to punishment represents the best method for reducing a problem behavior?
Charlene no longer gets any attention when she has a temper tantrum.
Because of her defiant behavior, Lana is not allowed to be a part of the fun class activities while she sits on a chair in a corner.
Jose is reinforced for working quietly in class instead of being punished for talking in class. – correct
Shirmilla and Jason are given lollipops to distract them from squabbling.
Out of frustration, a mother yells at her daughter for not cleaning up her room. Perhaps, without knowing it, the mother is using which form of operant conditioning?
negative punishment
positive reinforcement.
negative reinforcement
positive punishment – correct
An extreme and cruel form of conditioning used in prisons at times is solitary confinement. Which form of operant conditioning would solitary confinement fall under:
extinction
negative reinforcement – correct
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
After getting cactus needles stuck in her hand, 2-year-old Rachel no longer touches cactus plants. Using operant conditioning terms, this is an example of:
positive punishment – correct
negative reinforcement
negative punishment
positive reinforcement
Punishment is most effective if:
there is considerable delay between the operant and the punishment.
it occasionally follows the operant.
it immediately precedes the operant.
it consistently follows the operant.
Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner is TRUE?
Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will. – correct
Skinner advocated greater use of punishment to control behavior.
Skinner strongly advocated the study of mental processes to understand behavior.
Skinner believed that classical conditioning should be abandoned as an explanation of behavior.
Classical conditioning is to _____ as operant conditioning is to _____.
superstitious pigeons; drooling dogs
B.F. Skinner; John B. Watson
behavior emitted by an organism; behavior elicited by a stimulus
associating two stimuli; associating a response and a consequence – correct
“Okay, that was good! Now this time, don’t close your eyes. Keep your eye on the ball, so you know when to close your hands,” Mark said in the process of teaching his 5-year-old to play catch. In operant conditioning terms, Mark is using _____ to teach his daughter how to catch a ball.
negative reinforcement
shaping – correct
extinction
spontaneous recovery
Operant conditioning works with reflexive behavior and emotions.
True – correct
False