Molecules Solution Substances Hydrogen Biochemistry
In this chapter we discuss Molecules Solution Substances Hydrogen Biochemistry.
polarity
the unequal distribution of charges on a molecule
hydrogen bonds
weak bonds between polar molecules such as water
cohesion
the attraction of like molecules such as the attraction of water molecules to each other.
surface tension
water molecules at the surface of a body of water cling tightly together
adhesion
the attraction of unlike molecules such as when water molecules are attracted to other types of molecules
capillary action
the force of water rising in a thin tube due to cohesion and adhesion
mixture
a material that is composed of two or more substances that are physically combined
solution
a mixture where all substances are evenly distributed throughout.
solute
the substance that is dissolved in a solution
solvent
the substance in which the solute is dissolved within a solution
suspension
a mixture in which all of the components are not evenly mixed
pH scale
a scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) that exist in solutions
acidic
a solution that has a greater amount of H+ than OH- ions
basic
a solution that has a greater amount of OH- than H+
buffers
work to neutralize substances inside cells that are too acidic or too basic
macromolecules
Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) made up of many smaller molecules and atoms.
monomers
small chemical unit that can join together with other small units to form larger units called polymers
polymers
Large compounds formed from combinations of many monomers.
organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon atoms and are found in living things.
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon; many are also essential to life.
polysaccharides
large sugar molecules composed of many smaller units, linked together in complex arrangements
disaccharides
sugar molecules with only two monomers
monosaccharides
simple sugar molecules that are a building block for polysaccharides
fatty acids
building blocks (monomers) of lipids
saturated fats
A fat that contains the maximum number of hydrogen (more stored energy) and is solid at room temperature, found in animal fats such as lard and butter.
unsaturated fats
A fat that contains fewer numbers of hydrogen (less stored energy) and is liquid at room temperature, found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus and are associated with organism’s genetic code
nucleotides
building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids
proteins
macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; proteins are considered the building blocks of tissue
amino acids
building blocks (monomers) of proteins; twenty kinds
enzymes
a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions within a living cell
biochemistry
Chemistry of life, the study of chemical substances and reactions within living organisms.
Carbohydrates
Supply quick energy, one gram releases 4 calories when burned, dietary sources include rice, pasta, bread, and cookies, has three classes.
Monosaccharide
Have chemical formula of C6H12O6. Examples: glucose, galactose, fructose.
Disaccharides
All have the chemical forumla C12H22O11. They consist of 2 monosaccharides joined by a process known as the Dehydration Process.
Polysaccharides
Macromolecules. Chains of two or more monosaccharides.
Dehydration Synthesis
The joining of 2 monosaccharides when they lose a water molecule. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = Disaccharide + Water
Chitin
Polysaccharides that make up the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls in mushrooms.
Amino Acids
The building blocks of Proteins.
Enzymes
Very big proteins, reduce the amount of energy for a chemical reaction.
Enzyme Co-factors
Minerals
Enzyme Co-enzymes
Vitamins
Maltose + Water
Glucose + Glucose
Lactose + Water
Glucose + Galactose
Sucrose + Water
Glucose + Fructose
Temperature and pH
The factors that affect the efficiency of an enzyme.
37 degrees Celsius
The point at which the efficiency of enzymes in the human body is at the highest.
pH
The measure of the acidity and alkalinity of a solution.
pH 4
Gastric Enzyme
pH 8
Intestinal Enzyme
Prions
A misfolded, infectious protein that are normally found in the brains of mammals and cause several brain diseases.
Nucleic Acids
Inside the nucleus of the cells. Store and transmit hereditary information. Types include DNA and RNA.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Double stranded chain. Deoxygenated (deoxyribose) 5 carbon sugar.
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid. Single stranded chain. Oxygenated (ribose), 5 carbon sugar.
Nucleotides
Building units (monomers) of nucleic acids. Each ____ is composed of 5 carbon sugar, Phosphate, and a Nitrogenous base.
Nitrogenous bases in DNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine. (ACGT)
Nitrogenous bases in RNA
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil. (ACGU)
Water
High specific heat, high heat vaporization, high adhesion properties, universal solvent.
Specific Heat
The amount of heat that must be absorbed in order for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature.
Heat Vaporization
The amount of heat that is needed to evaporate water.
Adhesion
The clinging of one substance to another substance. Very important in helping water flow up from roots to leaves.
Cohesion
Attraction force or clinging of two molecules of the same substance.
Solvent
Dissolves solute.
Solute
Dissolves in solvent.
Water: Universal Solvent
Because it is a highly polar molecule, it can dissolve all polar and ionic substances.
Transpiration
Water loss (evaporation) from the stomata of leaves.
Capillary Action
Helps in moving water up to the leaves.
Ice
Less dense than water, allows life to exist beneath the frozen surface of water during cold seasons.
Stratification
Convective currents in water
Spring Overturn
The cycling of nutrients in a frozen lake.
pH 7
Neutral mark on the pH scale.
pH 0-6
Acidic
pH 8-14
Alkaline (base)
polarity
the unequal distribution of charges on a molecule
hydrogen bonds
weak bonds between polar molecules such as water
cohesion
the attraction of like molecules such as the attraction of water molecules to each other.
surface tension
water molecules at the surface of a body of water cling tightly together
adhesion
the attraction of unlike molecules such as when water molecules are attracted to other types of molecules
capillary action
the force of water rising in a thin tube due to cohesion and adhesion
mixture
a material that is composed of two or more substances that are physically combined
solution
a mixture where all substances are evenly distributed throughout.
solute
the substance that is dissolved in a solution
solvent
the substance in which the solute is dissolved within a solution
suspension
a mixture in which all of the components are not evenly mixed
pH scale
a scale to measure the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) that exist in solutions
acidic
a solution that has a greater amount of H+ than OH- ions
basic
a solution that has a greater amount of OH- than H+
buffers
work to neutralize substances inside cells that are too acidic or too basic
macromolecules
Four main classes of large biological molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) made up of many smaller molecules and atoms.
monomers
small chemical unit that can join together with other small units to form larger units called polymers
polymers
Large compounds formed from combinations of many monomers.
organic compounds
Compounds that contain carbon atoms and are found in living things.
inorganic compounds
Compounds that do not contain carbon; many are also essential to life.
polysaccharides
large sugar molecules composed of many smaller units, linked together in complex arrangements
disaccharides
sugar molecules with only two monomers
monosaccharides
simple sugar molecules that are a building block for polysaccharides
fatty acids
building blocks (monomers) of lipids
saturated fats
A fat that contains the maximum number of hydrogen (more stored energy) and is solid at room temperature, found in animal fats such as lard and butter.
unsaturated fats
A fat that contains fewer numbers of hydrogen (less stored energy) and is liquid at room temperature, found in vegetable oils, nuts, and seeds.
nucleic acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon and phosphorus and are associated with organism’s genetic code
nucleotides
building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids
proteins
macromolecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen; proteins are considered the building blocks of tissue
amino acids
building blocks (monomers) of proteins; twenty kinds
enzymes
a chemical that speeds up chemical reactions within a living cell
biochemistry
Chemistry of life, the study of chemical substances and reactions within living organisms.