Chemical Change – Biochemistry Final Exam
The key terms of Biochemistry Chapter 1 Quiz include, Cell Function, DNA, RNA, Energy, Organism, Carbon, Chemical, Change.
Prokaryotic
An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryote
organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Four major types of building blocks
Amino acids, Nucleic acids, lipids, sugar
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
ATP/NADH
The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during glycolysis
Chemoautotrophs
organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances and that use carbon dioxide as their carbon source
Is a living organism an isolated, closed or open thermodynamic system?
open system
Organisms obtain energy from their surroundings in two ways:
1. they take up chemical fuels (such as glucose) from their environment and extract energy by oxidizing them
2. They absorb energy from sunlight
What elements are essential elements for life?
P,C,O,N,S,H, Na, K, Ca, Cl
Conformation
no bond breaking between changes. This is achieved through rotating
Configuration
need to break a bond between changes
Ex. changing from cis to trans
Anyhydride
without water
chiral
a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image
achiral
A molecule that is superimposable on its mirror image
isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
Are Amino acids L or D conformation?
L
Are sugars L or D conformation
D
racemic mixture
A mixture that contains equal amounts of the (+) and (-) enantiomers. Racemic mixtures are not optically active.
steady state
a state in which inputs equal outputs, so that the system is not changing over time
Law of Conservation of Energy
In any physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant although form of the energy may change
Law of Increasing Entropy
the total entropy of the universe is continually increasing.
Is the human body an open or closed system?
open
oxidation
loss of electrons
reduction
gain of electrons
Dehydrogenation
The removal of hydrogen from a molecule
If change in G is less than 0 what does that indicate?
-exergonic reaction
-it is favorable
-reaction is spontaneous
If change in G is more than 0 what does that indicate?
-Endergonic
-unfavorable
-not spontaneous
energy coupling
The use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.
Enzymes
proteins (sometimes RNA) that increase the rate (kinetic) of a chemical reaction
Do enzymes alter free energy? (thermodynamic)
No
Do enzymes affect the kinetic or thermodynamic process of a reaction?
Kinetic. They speed up the reaction by lowering activation energy
Are enzymes consumed during a reaction?
No
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
Anabolism
Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.
Central Dogma of Biology
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
Homologs
Matching Chromosomes that are similar but not identical
Paralogs
homologous genes within a single species
orthologs
homologous genes separated by a speciation event
Autotroph
An organism that makes its own food
Phototroph
an organism that gets its energy from sunlight
Chemotrophs
Organisms that get energy from chemicals taken from the environment
Nucleus
A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Nucleoid
A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
Prokaryotic
An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria.
Eukaryote
organism whose cells contain a nucleus
Four major types of building blocks
Amino acids, Nucleic acids, lipids, sugar
activation energy
Energy needed to get a reaction started
ATP/NADH
The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during glycolysis
Chemoautotrophs
organism that makes organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide using energy from chemical reactions
Photoautotrophs
Organisms that use light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances and that use carbon dioxide as their carbon source