Cell Specie & Organism Enzyme – Biology
This biology chapter covers cell specie and organism enzyme.
coenzymes
vitamins
cofactors
minerals
islets of Langerhans
cells in the pancreas that produce insulin
>insulin
allows glucose in the blood to enter the cells
viroid
infectious agent that consists of a small strand of DNA that causes diseases in plants
bioremediation
bacteria that can take toxic things and make them nontoxic
introns
not coding
exons
coding
RNA
nucleic acid made up of ribose
uracil
a nitrogenous base found only in RNA
T
thyamine
A
adenine
C
cytosine
G
guanine
messenger RNA
RNA that carries the instructions for making a protein from a gene and then delivers it to the site of translation
codons
series of three bases that make an amino acid
transfer RNA
RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end
anticodon
a three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA that is complementary to a mRNA codon
age of Earth
4.5 billion years
Primordial Soup
1920s model by Oparin and Haldane that says the oceans were filled with organic molecules, fueled by lightening and sun
Bubble Model
Louis Lehrman model, that bubbles come from underwater volcanoes and then release into atmosphere
microspheres
droplet of a lipid, precursors to the first cells
coacervates
droplets of amino acids and sugars
cyanobacteria
photosynthetic prokaryotes
eubacteria
prokaryotes that contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls
archaebacteria
prokaryotes that do not contain peptidoglycan
endosymbiosis
Lynn Margulis’s theory that says mitochondria are smaller aerobes eaten by larger anaerobes
mycorrhizae
symbiotic relationship between fungus and the roots of a plant
vertebrate something with a backbone
agnathan
jawless, finless fish
HMS Beagle
name of ship that Darwin traveled on
Erasmus Darwin
Charles Darwin’s grandfather who did selective breeding on his farm
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
If someone cuts off their finger, their offspring wont have a finger; NOT TRUE
population
the individuals of a species that live in a specific geographical area and can interbreed
natural selection
Individuals more fit to survive will pass their good traits onto their offspring
vestigial structures
structures considered to be evidence of an organism’s evolutionary past
homologous structures
structures that share a common ancestry
speciation
process by which new species form
taxonomy
science of naming and classifying
genus
category containing similar species
order of classification
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
biological species
a group of natural populations that are interbreeding or that could interbreed, and are reproductively isolated from other groups
cladogram
diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships
population density
number of individuals living in a given area
carrying capacity
population size that an environment can sustain
Thomas Malthus
suggested to Darwin that populations have carrying capacities
Charles Lyell
wrote the Principles of Geology and taught Darwin about the changes of the Earth
K strategist
have few offspring, but care for each one
R strategist
have hundreds or thousands of offspring hoping that only a few will survive
ecology
the study of the interactions of living organisms with their physical environment
habitat
the place where a population of a species lives
community
the different species that live together in a habitat
ecosystem
a community and all the physical aspects of its habitat
abiotic factors
physical aspects of a habitat
biotic factors
organisms living in a habitat
succession
regular progression of species replacement
primary productivity
rate of the primary producers (plants)
producers
organisms that first capture the energy
organisms that consume the plants
detritivores
organisms that eat organic wastes and dead bodies
biomass
the dry weight of tissues and other organic matter found in an ecosystem
nitrogen fixation
the process of combining nitrogen with hydrogen to form ammonia
secondary compounds
defensive chemicals contained in most plants
symbiosis
two or more species live together in a long-term association
mutualism
a symbiotic relationship where both benefit
commensalism
a symbiotic relationship where one species benefits and the other is unchanged
niche
the job an organism performs in the ecosystem
biome
a major biological community that occurs over a large area of land
Three Domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
methanogens
archaea that like methane
extremophiles
archaea that live in extreme conditions
thermophiles
archaea that live in extreme temperatures
halophiles
archaea that live in salt
>Six Kingdoms
: Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
tissue
a distinct group of cells with similar structure and function
organ
a specialized structure
phagocytosis
Protists that throw their cytoplasm against their cell membrane in order to move; cytoplasmic streaming
slime molds
eat decaying matter
contractile vacuole
water pumps located in euglenas
eye spot
senses sunlight in euglenas
oral groove
eating mechanism of a paramecium
toxoplasmosis
cats and pregant people disease
diatoms protists with shells made of silica
brown algae
kelp
green algae
plankton, seaweed
red algae
asian jello
capsid
a protein coat over a virus that has spikes
bacteriophage
a kind of virus that affects bacteria
envelope
a sugar cloud that disguises the virus
rhinovirus
virus that causes colds
lysis
cell explosion
lytic virus
a virus that causes cells to explode
lysogenic virus
a virus that lies dormant in the cell until triggered, then it becomes lytic
prions
infectious proteins that have no nucleic acid; cause mad cow disease
anthrax
respiratory disease once found in cattle
bubonic plague
flease that lived on rats caused people’s skin to get bubose and turn black
cholera
found in mussels and clams, multiplies in human feces
pathogens
agents that cause disease
bacillus
rod-shaped bacteria
coccus
sphere-shaped bacteria
spirillum
spiral-shaped bacteria
capsule
gel-like layer outside of the bacteria
conjugation
process where two organisms exchange genetic material
blastula
a hollow ball of cells
ectoderm
outer layer of skin; nervous system; eyes
endoderm
lining of digestive tract; respiratory system; urinary bladder; glands
mesoderm
skeleton; muscles; circulatory system; reproductive and excretory organs
gastrovascular cavity
a digestive cavity with only one opening
hermaphrodite
organisms that have both testes and ovaries
ostia
pores in sponges
oscula
larger openings in sponges through which water exits
choanocytes
lining of sponge’s internal cavity
cnidocytes
stinging cells on cnidarians
basal disk
secretes sticky fluid to help invertebrates move (like snails)
fluke
a flatworm parasite that lives inside its host
tegument
covering of cells on a flatworm that prevents them from being digested by the host
trochophore
larval stage of annelids and mollusks
visceral mass
central section of a mollusk that contains the organs
mantle
heavy fold of tissue that forms the outer layer of the body in mollusks
foot
muscular region of locomotion in mollusks
radula
tongue-like organ located in mollusk’s mouth
cerebral ganglion
primitive brain in annelids
annelid evolutionary milestone
segmentation
sponge e.m.
multicellularity
cnidarian e.m.
tissues
flatworm e.m.
bilateral symmetry
roundworm e.m.
body cavity
mollusk e.m.
coelom
arthropod e.m.
jointed appendages
thorax
midbody region of the arthropod
echinoderm e.m.
deuterostomes
blastophore
an opening in the early stages of echinoderm development
protostome
animals that develop a mouth from the blastophore
deuterostone
animals that develop an anus from the blastophore
chordates e.m
. notochord
notochord
a stiff rod in chordates
pharyngeal pouches
gill structure’s in a chordate’s development
chordate characteristics
notochord, nerve chord, postanal tail, pharyngeal pouches, endoskeleton
tunicate
invertebrate chordate that is covered by a tunic
lancelet
invertebrate chordate that has a bladelike shape
conus arteriosus
chamber of a fish heart that smooths the pumps
sinus venosus
collection chamber in the fish heart
septum
dividing wall that separates the atrium into left and right
epithelial tissue
outer lining of skin and protects from damage
stem cell
undifferentiated stem cells from the blastula in an embryo
integumentary
skin, hair, nails
axial skeleton
bones of the skull, ribs, spine, and sternum
appendicular skeleton
bones related to arms and legs
periosteum
outer layer of the bone
bone marrow
soft tissue that creates blood cells and fat
Haversian canals
hollow channels that contain blood vessels
osteocytes
bone cells
ligament
connects bone to bone
ball and socket joints
all types of movement; shoulder, hip
pivot joint
rotation; top of spine
hinge joint
bend and straighten; elbow, knees
gliding joint
sliding motion; wrist
saddle joint
base of thumbs
tendon
connects muscle to bone
actin
protein filament; responsible for contracting and relaxing the muscles
myosin
protein filament
z-line
anchor of the filaments
sarcomere
area between two z-lines
epidermis
outermost layer of the skin
keratin
protein that makes skin waterproof
dermis
inner layer of skin
melanin
skin color
hair follicles
root of hair shaft
subcutaneous tissue
layer of connective tissue made mostly of fat
artery
blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart
capillaries
tiny blood vessels that allow the exchange of gases, nutrients, hormones, etc.
vein
blood vessel that carries blood to the heart
lymphatic system
collects and recycles fluids leaked from the cardiovascular system
plasma
liquid portion of blood that contains water, wastes, salts, and proteins
red blood cells
cells that carry oxygen
white blood cells
cells that defend the body against disease
platelets
clot blood
atria
chambers that receive incoming blood
ventricles
chambers that pump blood away from the heart
superior vena cava
sends blood from upper body to the right atrium
inferior vena cava
sends blood from lower body to the right atrium
aorta
sends blood to the coronary arteries, brain, and body
pulmonary arteries
sends blood to the lungs
pulmonary veins
sends blood from the lungs to the heart
blood pressure
the force exerted by blood as it moves through the blood vessels
sphygmomanometer
blood pressure machine
systolic pressure
pressure exerted when the heart contracts
diastolic pressure
pressure exerted when the heart relaxes
pharynx
muscular tube in the upper throat
larynx
voice box, or passageway for air
trachea
a long strait air tube into the chest cavity
bronchi
branching tubes of the trachea
alveoli
clusters of air sacs at the end of the branching tubes
diaphragm
powerful muscle spanning the rib cage under the lungs
amylases
enzymes that begin to breakdown carbohydrates in the saliva
uvula
fleshy sac that hangs in the back of the mouth that prevents food from going out of the nose
esophagus
long tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach
peristalsis
wavelike movement of the esophagus
sphincter
muscular valve
epiglottis
covers the trachea
pepsin
digestive enzyme secreted by the stomach to break down proteins
duodenum
first section of the small intestine
lipases
pancreatic enzymes that dissolve fats in the small intestine
bile
a greenish fluid produced by the liver that breaks up fat globules
gallbladder
green muscular sac attached to the liver that concentrates and stores bile
villi
fingerlike projections in the small intestine
colon
large intestine
large intestine
removes fluids from the food, absorbs minerals and vitamins, compacts into feces
urea
ammonia is converted into this in the liver
nephrons
tiny tubes in the kidneys
ureters
tubes that carry the urine from the kidney to the bladder
urethra
urine leaves the body throug this
neutrophil
a white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens
macrophages
white blood cell in the tissue
monocyte
white blood cell in the blood
antigens
debris or viruses that need to be cleaned up
granulocytes
the cells that macrophages are presenting their antigens to
eosinophils
kill parasites
basophils
deal with allegeries
natural killer cells
look for anything out of the ordinary
lymphocytes
B or T cells
B cell
make antibodies
TH cell
helps the B cells and the cytotoxic cells
TC cell
punches holes in the viruses
antibody
defensive protein produced upon exposure to a specific antigen
AIDS
kills the helper T cellls
neurons
nerve cells
dendrites
antennae of the neuron, and receive info from other cells
axon
long membrane-covered extension of the cytoplasm the conducts nerve impulses
nerves
bundles of axons
action potential
electric charge through neurons
nodes of Ranvier
connects the myelin sheats
myelin sheaths
coverings of the axons
synapse
junction at which a neuron meets another neuron
neurotransmitter
signal molecules that fill the synaptic cleft
cerebrum
largest part of the brain
cerebellum
posterior base of the brain
brain stem
collection of structures leading to the spinal cord
brain parts
occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal, cerebellum
proprioception
knowing where you are in space and time
testes
gamete-producing organs of the male
scrotum
external skin sac
seminiferous tubules
tightly coiled tubes inside the testes
epididymis
storage area of the sperm
vas deferens
tube leading from the epididymis to the urethra
semen
sperm and seminal fluid
ovaries
gamete-producing organs in females
fallopian tube
tube where the egg travels
cervix
sphincter between vagina and uterus
uterus
hollow muscular organ
vagina
muscular tube that leads from the outside of the body to the uterus
ovulation
release of an ovum from the ovaries
follicle
cluster of cells that surrounds an immature egg cell and provides it with nutrients
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone
corpus luteus
the broken-down follicle after the egg is released from the ovary
labia
folds of skin around the vagina
strept-
cells are lined up in a row
staph-
cells are in a cluster
gram positive
means the cell does not have an extra peptidoglycan wall, stains purple
gram negative
means the cell has an extra cell wall, stains pink
double helix
two strands of DNA twisted around each other
nucleotide
the subunits of nucleic acids
deoxyribose
The five-carbon sugar in DNA nucleotides
complementary base pairs
G-C, and A-T
DNA helicases
enzymes that break the hydrogen bonds between the GCATs